Pregnancy

Simple urine test can predict fatal pregnancy condition: research

2011-12-11T05:00:00.000-08:00

A simple urine test carried out mid-pregnancy could predict which women will go on to suffer from a potentially fatal complication. article source

I am surprised they have not found a reliable test for preeclampsia before now. I suffered this some 40 years' ago and narrowly escaped death shortly after my twins were born. Sudden fitting is common side affect and should this happen during childbirth itself is very dangerous indeed.

"None of the women with normal pregnancies tested positive for the kidney cells, showing the test is highly accurate." It does nothing of the kind. How many of the 30 women that went on to develop preeclampsia or had high blood pressure tested positive and how many of these women tested negative?How can you write an article and omit this essential information?

Nearly all pregnant mothers have at least one ultrasound during the course of their pregnancies

2011-09-18T14:56:00.000-07:00

THE USES OF ULTRASOUND

Ultrasound is all about sound waves. Your care provider or a sonographer uses a handheld device called a transducer that transmits high frequency sound waves through your abdomen. When those sound waves reach an object (in this case your baby), an "echo" is created, where the waves bounce back, showing up as an image on the screen.

A transvaginal ultrasound is used in the first trimester as early as five and a half weeks gestation to confirm your pregnancyand determine gestational age. In your second trimester, an ultrasound can look at your baby's development or serve as a follow up to other prenatal tests. Late in pregnancy your provider may use ultrasound to determine your baby's position or to check the baby's lungs for maturity. Most mothers have at least one ultrasound during pregnancy.

Estimating baby's weight via ultrasound is not an exact science. It takes into account head, abdominal, and thigh (femur) measurements to arrive at an estimated weight of your baby. These measurements are occasionally quite accurate, but other times they're not. Any weight estimation by ultrasound can be as much as a pound or more off your baby's actual weight. Often your care provider can more accurately estimate your baby's size by examining your belly.

We do not know conclusively the safe levels of ultrasound. What we do know is that early studies on animals showed cell damage when high levels of ultrasound were used, although these levels were much higher than those used in humans. Most experts recommend that the less ultrasound exposure to the baby, the better.The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends that "ultrasound examination in pregnancy should be performed for a specific medical indication."

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WHAT IS THE QUAD TEST?

2011-09-18T14:43:00.000-07:00

The quad test is one option for parents to screen for Down syndrome and spina bifida.

One of the most commonly performed screening tools for genetic problems is known as the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Test. The AFP is a prenatal test that screens for genetic disorders such as spina bifida and Down syndrome. It can also be used to screen for defects in the baby's abdominal wall, esophagus, and urinary tract.

If you opt to have this test done, a small vial of blood will be drawn at your care provider's office between your fifteenth and twentieth weeks of pregnancy. The sample will be sent to a lab and results take about a week. Levels of certain hormones in your blood are compared to proteins that are secreted by your baby's liver.

In some cases, your care provider may suggest comparing your hormones to several of the baby's hormones. A Quad screen compares your hormones to the fetal protein produced in the baby's liver. Hormones examined in this screen include hCG, estriol and inhibin, which are all secreted by the placenta.

It is important to remember that the AFP does not have the ability to diagnose your baby's health condition. It merely measures the statistical likelihood of having a baby with genetic problems.

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PREGNANCY GENETICS AND VARIATIONS

2011-09-18T14:29:00.000-07:00

Chromosomes from each mother and father are responsible for the physical traits and health of each baby.

Pregnancy is not just about physical changes in your body. It also involves incredibly complicated biological processes that are taking place even when you are unaware of them. Each of you brings twenty three single chromosomes to your baby; twenty three from the egg and twenty three from the sperm cell. The egg contains twenty two chromosomes plus one X chromosome. The sperm contains twenty two chromosomes plus either an X or a Y chromosome, which will determine the gender of your baby. Once the ovum is fertilized by the sperm, it will contain forty six chromosomes. These chromosomes play a role in the genetic makeup of your baby including gender, hair color, eye color, height, and other physical traits.

If you are expecting twins, they can be formed in various ways. One is with two separate eggs and two sperm, known as dizygotic twins or fraternal twins. These twins will have the same genetics as two siblings born at different times. The twins will have separate sacs and placentas. Monozygotic or identical twins are formed when one fertilized egg divides around four to eight days after fertilization. Identical twins will have exactly the same genetic makeup. As you explore questions about your own baby's genetic makeup, you may want to ask your care provider about the tests available.

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dictionaries and definitions

Overall Abortion Rate Drops 8% In Eight Years, Rises 18% Among Poor Women In USA

2011-08-02T13:28:00.000-07:00

Between 1995 and 2008 despite a decrease in the overall U.S. abortion rate in 2000, women below the federal poverty level income for their families, it is in the past, researchers in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Guttmacher Institute said. Performed on poor women and 40% of abortions in the U.S. in 2008.

The authors of the current recession will lead to a contraction more unwanted pregnancies, we believe that reducing the proportion of women receiving services from. In addition, some women, their families are now considering the country's economic situation, you may not believe that financially stable enough to take another child.

Several facts revealed by the report here is as follows.

Abortion rate is up 18 percent from 2000 through 2008 among poor women

44.4 abortions per 1,000 women has occurred among poor women in 2000 compared to 52.2 in 2008

The overall abortion rate decreased from 19.6 to 21.3 per thousand in 2000 per thousand in 2008 - down 8%

African-American women abortion rate declined 18% over the same period

Even so, for example, abortion rates in African American women are still very high at 40.2 per thousand.

Abortion rate for women is 28.7 per 1000 Hipstanic

Abortion rate for women is 11.5 per 1,000 non-Hispanic white

She said researchers at the age of 20, with 10 American women of reproductive age, almost one is to have an abortion and nearly one third of the third 0 4 45. In 1992, approximately 43 percent of American women, in 2008, compared to 30%, have an abortion at age 45.

Teen abortion in 2008 was down 22 percent from 2000, the authors, to 11.3 per year per line, and added 14.6 per 1,000. Teenagers accounted for 6 percent of abortions in the United States in 2008.

Following Abortion, Immediate Use Of An IUD Is More Likely To Prevent Unintended Pregnancies

2011-08-02T13:24:00.000-07:00

Women undergoing IUD contraception and intrauterine devices, known as the first quarter experienced complications after abortion, unintended pregnancy than those who get a delay of several weeks for the number of IUD New research at Oregon Health Sciences University are less likely to have.

The results are published in the June 09 New England Journal of Medicine.

Research the IUDs, after their insertion, reversible contraception that does not require the use of active, safe and very effective, indicating that the long term. Are fully utilized to IUDs, however, some federal government policy, because it prohibits doctors from providing abortion services at the time of birth, researchers have reported.

"Is the most effective method of reducing this risk has been linked to reduced risk of miscarriage repeat the immediate use of the IUD has immediate use of contraception of any post-abortion. However, especially low-policy decisions of the federal government issues of income for patients to access, "Paula Bednarek, MD, principal investigator and Medicine, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the School of OHSU.

The main concern with IUD insertion immediately after abortion, the risk of expulsion, or autumn. In the study, researchers have a high rate of expulsion after immediate insertion, statistically lower than the insertion was found to be no delay.

"Our data are the IUDs, in addition to a growing body of evidence to be safe and very effective, it supports expanded access to a wider range of women, and IUDs," Bednarek said is other.

To conduct the study, they Bednarek, a 18-year-old woman requested an abortion more than 575 academic medical centers in three other U.S. and Oregon Health Sciences University were recruited. One group received an IUD within 15 minutes after the abortion, the other group received 2-6 weeks after IUD: Women were randomized into two groups.

At six months, the researchers received the IUDs in 258 women will not be significantly reduced soon, pregnancy, and found no devices that use more than 90% of women and still. All by himself is not using the IUD - - 226 among women who received a late insertion, more significant side effects, however, five pregnant women is 226, with only 77% did not Please use the device in six months, respectively.

"It is placed IUD does not return for quite a few of the women randomly assigned to delayed insertion, substantially less, choose an effective contraceptive method at all or rather," Bednarek is said. "I want to receive an IUD after abortion results show that our women are looking to the appointment for a later date, to return fully to receive the IUD, have unwanted pregnancies by that should not be at great risk. "

The Social Stigma Surrounding Abortion

2011-08-02T13:20:00.000-07:00

Women who have abortions: An international team of researchers is investigating whether under a theory of the stigma of abortion, states have been identified in one category. As a result, they have started to explore new directions in research and social stigma surrounding abortion.

They invited paper, "the stigma of abortion: reconceptualization of the components, causes and consequences", represented by teams that are published in the current women's health. "Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Cincinnati School of Social Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, part, Guttmacher Institute in New York, Goldsmiths College, UCLA women's center for the University of London Science.

"About abortion stigma that focuses on women who had experienced and their abortion, but little research there. We are seeking a disgrace in a broader context," team member Daniel Bessette studies, sociology, assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati said.

The authors of abortion, "the female ideal," citing the stigma of previous studies on abortion have been violated, that the stigma of abortion because of legal restrictions that are considered "dirty or, unhealthy. "

Bessette, the health care provider to perform such an abortion of the project researchers, supporting women's abortion, certain groups might be affected by the stigma of male partners of women say they can explore women's self-stigma of abortion after suffering a miscarriage after an abortion and the public that the experience of pregnant women had.

"This is a new area of research about the social issues surrounding abortion," Search the United States, Zambia, including Nigeria, adding that Mr. Bessette was carried out in national and international circles, Tanzania, Mexico, Brazil, the European countries.

The author points out in writing "to understand the stigma of abortion, but stigma, have a direct impact to improve access to health care and better things to influence them to reduce We know the strategy. "

Research funding for the paper was supported by abortion and reproductive health services and social Postdoctoral Charlotte Ellerston Stock Exchange. The research project, Alison Norris, MD, Family Medicine of Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Health, Daniel Bessette, University of Cincinnati Department of Sociology, has led to Julia Steinberg R., psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, Megan L. Kavanaugh, Institute Guttmacher, Shirubiade Zordo, Anthropology, Goldsmiths College, University of London, David Becker and the research center of the UCLA women.

A natural approach to childbirth

2010-06-23T10:51:00.000-07:00

The medical view of pregnancy and childbirth has permeated our culture so that we have forgotten how our ancestors were born, thanks to which our species has survived for thousands of years. With the intention, presumably, to protect mothers and babies from misfortune and death, modern western obstetrics has forgotten Mother Nature, whose complex and elegant systems of birth are disturbed by obstetric interventions, although we are aware our inability to understand or control these elemental forces.

The medical interference in pregnancy and childbirth is well documented, and its negative consequences have been well studied. However, the medical management of birth-the time between the birth of the baby and delivery of the placenta-is, for me, the most insidious. At the time that Mother Nature has provided awe and ecstasy, we make shots, we examined the baby, umbilical cord clamping and throw it. Instead of body heat and skin to skin, we separated the baby from his mother and put her clothes. When the weather should be detained in the eternal moment of first contact, as mother and son learn to love, we hurry to remove the placenta and clean to go "next."

The medical management of childbirth in the last decade's taken a step further with the popularization of the "active management of birth" (see below) carries some risks for mother and baby. Although many of the interventions aimed at reducing the risk of maternal postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which can be a serious matter, it seems that, as with the active management of labor, can actually bring many of the problems that supposedly wants to avoid.

Active management also creates specific problems for the mother and baby. In particular, the baby is deprived of half the blood volume that would be sent. This extra blood that should flow into the lungs, which begin to function at this time, and other vital organs, is discarded with the placenta, with possible consequences such as respiratory problems and anemia, especially when it comes to vulnerable babies.

The drugs used in the active management are documented risks to the mother, including death, and we know its long-term effects for the baby, especially given its importance, since they apply at a critical period for brain development.

The hormones in birth

As mammals we are, because we have mammary glands that produce milk for our babies, we share almost every type of birth with other mammals. We share the complex orchestration of hormones of childbirth, which occur in the depths of our mammalian brain to help us and ultimately ensure the survival of our offspring.

At birth, they help themselves three hormonal systems of mammals, each of which plays an important role in the delivery. The hormone oxytocin causes the uterine contractions of childbirth, while helping us to launch our instinctive maternal behavior. Endorphins, the body's natural opiates, produce an altered state of consciousness and helps us to transform the pain and the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as catecholamines or CAs), responsible for our fight or flight reflex, We provide the peak power we need to push and give birth to our babies during delivery, or second stage of labor.

During the third stage of labor-delivery-strong uterine contractions continue at regular intervals, under the strong influence of oxytocin. Uterine muscle fibers shorten, or retract with each contraction, gradually reducing the size of the uterus, which helps to detach the placenta from the uterine wall. The third phase is completed when the mother lights the placenta that nourishes the baby during pregnancy.

For the mother, birth is the moment he receives the reward of his labor. Mother Nature gives you a peak of oxytocin, the hormone of love, and endorphins, hormones of pleasure, that bathe both mother and baby. The skin to skin contact and early attempts to entrench the baby to the breast increases maternal oxytocin levels, strengthening the uterine contractions that will help it to loosen the placenta and the uterus to contract. In this way, oxytocin acts to prevent bleeding and to establish, in concert with other hormones, the close bond that will ensure care and protection by the mother and child survival.

At this time, high levels of adrenaline in the second phase, which have kept mother and baby with eyes wide open, ready for your first contact, will fall, and it takes a very hot environment to counter the cold , and chills, the woman feels when their adrenaline levels drop. If the environment is not well heated, or something distracting or annoying to the mother, high adrenaline levels will be maintained and will counteract the beneficial effects of oxytocin on the uterus, increasing the risk of bleeding.

Also, the baby is essential to reduce adrenaline and noradrenaline, which had risen to a peak at birth. If you separate the baby from his mother, these hormones can not be softened by contact with the mother and the baby can fall into a psychological shock, according to Joseph Chilton Pearce, will prevent the activation of specific brain functions nature had planned for this moment. Pearce believes that the separation of mother and baby after birth is "the most devastating event in life, and leaves us emotionally and psychologically maimed."

One wonders if the modern epidemic of stress, a term invented by researchers at the beginning of the twentieth century-and stress-related diseases in our culture, could be a consequence of these common practices at birth. It is plausible from a scientific standpoint that our hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) which regulates long-term responses to stress, immune function, and the reflection of fight or flight in the short term, is disrupted by the continued high level of stress hormones that occur when babies are removed from their mothers through routine.

Michel Odent, in its review of existing research on the "primal period" (the time from conception to the first year of life), concludes that interference or dysfunction at the time affects the development of our capacity to love, which is particularly vulnerable around the time of birth and is connected hormone oxytocin system. Jacobsen's research and Raine, among others, suggests that contemporary tragedies such as suicide, drug addiction and violent crime may be related to problems in the prenatal period, such as exposure to drugs, birth complications and breaking rejection of the mother.

Those who attend the birth in these moments have the crucial role of ensuring that women's reflections mammals are protected and reinforced during pregnancy, childbirth, and beyond. Ensuring unhurried and uninterrupted contact between mother and child after birth, adjust the temperature to comfort the mother, provide skin to skin contact and breastfeeding, and not take the baby for any reason, are impractical sensitive, intuitive and secure and help synchronize our hormone systems with our genetic fingerprint, so as to provide maximum success and pleasure for both mother and baby in the important role of parenting.

The baby, the cord and active management

Adaptation to extrauterine life is the main physiological task to be performed by the baby at birth. In the uterus, the placenta performs the functions of the lungs, kidneys and liver for our babies. Blood flow to these organs is minimal until the baby's first breath, when they are initiated major changes in the organization of the circulatory system.

The baby's body, blood flows from the umbilical cord and placenta and, while the lungs fill with air, blood enters the pulmonary circulation. Nature reserve ensures the cord and placenta, which provide the blood necessary for the pulmonary system and other organs.

The transfer of this pool of blood from the placenta to the baby occurs in a stepwise progression: the blood flows with each contraction the baby's birth, and some of this blood returns to the placenta between contractions. Crying slows the receipt of blood, which is also controlled by constriction of blood vessels in the cord. This indicates that each baby may be able to regulate the transfusion based on their individual needs.

The gravity affects the transfer of blood, which will be optimal if the baby's body remains at the level of the uterus, or below, until the umbilical cord to stop beating. This process of "physiological camplaje" usually lasts about three minutes, but can last longer or can be completed in just a minute.

This elegant, proven system that guarantees the transfusion of a blood volume optimal, but not the same for all babies, can not act if done the usual practice of clamping the cord within 30 seconds of birth.

Immediate clamping of the umbilical cord has been widely adopted by Western obstetrics as part of the complex known as "active management of birth." Active management includes the use of an oxytocic agent-a drug that, like oxytocin, causes the uterus to contract forcefully - usually administered by injection in the thigh as the baby is born and the camplaje immediate cord and "controlled cord traction"-that is, pull the cord to remove the placenta as quickly as possible.

Will inevitably act in haste, and that after a few minutes the oxytocic injection will produce very strong contractions that can trap the placenta if it has not yet risen, so have to remove manually. Also some believe that if the cord is clamped before the oxytocic begins to take effect, the baby will be at risk of receiving too much blood, pumped from the placenta by the powerful contractions caused by the drug. Research on methylergometrine indicates that the use of an oxytocic accelerates placental transfusion to the baby, but babies in this study did not receive too much blood. (9)

While the purpose of active management is to reduce the risk of bleeding of the mother, "acceptance and widespread application has not been preceded by studies evaluating the effects of depriving the newborn babies of a significant volume of blood." (10)

It is estimated that immediate clamping deprives the baby from 54 to 160 ml of blood, (11) which makes up half its total blood volume at birth.

Clamp the cord before the baby is breathing by itself does need to use blood from other organs to establish pulmonary perfusion (blood supply to the lungs). If the child was hypovolemic (have low blood volume), this limitation could be fatal.

If the baby is left above the uterus before clamping-for example, during a cesarean ¬ - the blood will flow back to the placenta by the action of gravity, so it is likely that these babies receive less blood volume than would be expected. The consequence of this may be an increased risk of respiratory distress. Many studies have shown that this common complication in babies born by Caesarean section could be eliminated if they facilitate placental transfusion.

Babies who are also clamps the cord immediately lose iron in the blood that are deprived. Immediate clamping has been associated with an increased risk of anemia in childhood.

These immediate aftermath of impingement were known in 1801, when Erasmus Darwin wrote:

"Another thing very harmful to the child that is tied and cut the cord too soon, there would always be left not only until the child has breathed repeatedly until the cord stops beating. Otherwise, the child is much weaker than it should be, because part of the blood that should reach the child remains in the placenta. "(17)

In one study, premature babies who were clamped the cord within 30 seconds needed fewer transfusions, less severe breathing problems, better oxygen levels, and indications of likely better in the long term, compared with babies who are had the cord clamped immediately. (18)

Some studies have shown an increased risk of polycythemia (more red blood cells in the blood) and jaundice when the cord is clamped later. Polycythemia may be beneficial, since if there is more red blood cells means more oxygen reaches the tissues. The possibility that polycythemia can return the blood too thick (hyperviscosity syndrome), which is sometimes used as an argument against delayed cord clamping, seems to be invaluable in healthy babies. (12)

Jaundice is almost certain when a baby gets its full quota of blood, and the reason is the collapse of the normal excess of blood to produce bilirubin, the pigment that causes yellowish appearance of a baby with jaundice. However, there is no evidence that this has adverse physiologic jaundice. (12) Indeed, jaundice, which is present in almost all human infants to a greater or lesser degree, can be beneficial for its antioxidant properties. (19-20)

The other disadvantage early clamping carries over, as it deprives the baby of oxygen-rich placental blood which nature has provided to supply the baby until breathing is well established. In situations of extreme distress, for example, if the baby takes several minutes to breathe, this reservoir of oxygenated blood can save your life, but paradoxically, it is customary to cut the cord immediately when it is necessary to perform neonatal resuscitation.

When the cord is intact, placental circulation acts as a conductor of any medication that is given to the mother, either during pregnancy, childbirth or delivery. Garrison (personal communication) reports that naloxone, sometimes the baby needs to counteract the sedative effect of analgesics administered to the mother during labor such as pethidine or meperidine (Demerol ® or dolantina ®), can be administered through mother during childbirth, so that the newborn baby wakes up in seconds.

The recent discovery of the amazing properties of cord blood, including stem cells it contains, stresses the need to ensure that all infants get their share in full. These cells are unique to this stage of development, and will migrate to the bones of the baby (bone marrow) shortly after birth, transforming himself into various types of hematopoietic stem cells, ie, generating new blood cells.

The collection of umbilical cord blood, which is being promoted to supply cord blood banks for the future treatment of children with leukemia, involves immediate cord clamping, and the baby was destined to be deprived of up to 100 ml of this blood belonged extraordinary. Perhaps this could be justified if it is practiced active management of childbirth, and if the umbilical cord blood cast off, but unfortunately, the donation of cord is incompatible with physiological birth (natural).

Active management and the mother

The active management of birth (oxytocin, immediate impingement and controlled cord traction) Represents Another step in Interference That Were Introduced in the mid-Seventeenth Century, When Physicians empezar Some male births to Attend Women and confined to the bed. At That Time, cord clamping Was started practicing to Protect bedding.

The first to pull the cord recommend Mauriceau Was in 1673, for fear That the uterus might close Before the placenta HAD eat out spontaneously. (21) In Fact, lying down, Which Is When He Attended increasingly taking the delivery Was a doctor, Was Likely less Spontaneous delivery of the placenta. In contrast, the vertical positions Women and midwives That HAD ADOPTED Traditionally Facilitated the fall of the placenta with the help of gravity.

The first oxytocic drugs Were Used as the alkaloids derived from ergot, a parasite of the cereal fungus. Midwives are Known to Europe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Used These alkaloids Called "ergot" Their farrier limited by toxicity. In the 1930s, ergot Was ergometrine refined, and by the end of 1940 Some doctors empezar using a preventive or Treatment for postpartum hemorrhage. (21) The Potential effects of the alkaloids derived from ergot include the Following: blood pressure increaser, Vomiting, headache, palpitation, cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, seizures and death Even.

Synthetic oxytocin, Which mimics the natural effects of oxytocin on the uterus of the pregnant woman, Was First record in the fifties, and has Almost Completely Replaced ergometrine, although it is using a drug Still Combines Both That (syntometrine) for Serious bleeding. The synthetic oxytocin Causes an Increase in the Intensity of Contractions, wheres ergometrine causes large tonic contraction, Which Also Increase the odds of trapping the placenta inside the uterus. Also Ergometrine interferes with the detachment of the placenta, Increasing the Risk of detachment is only partial. (22)

Recently, active management has Become "routine management of Women expecting a single baby by vaginal delivery in the maternity ward of a hospital" (23) Mainly by the results of Recent Hinchingbrooke trial, active management Comparing Against management "expectant" (Physiological).

In this trial, low INVOLVING Only Women at Risk of bleeding, Was Associated with active management of postpartum hemorrhage (more Than 500 ml) by 6.8% Compared to 16.5% in the expectant management (Physiological.) There Were FEW cases of Severe bleeding (more than 1000 ml) in Both groups: 1.7% in the asset management group, and 2.6% in the expectant management.

The authors note that, according to this, ten women would have to undergo active management to prevent one case of postpartum hemorrhage, and add:

"Some women may find worth taking a small personal risk of PPH of little importance compared with intervention in an uncomplicated birth, while others may prefer to take all precautions to reduce the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. ( 25)

In reading this study, one wonders how it is possible that almost 1 in 6 women suffer bleeding after giving birth "physiological" and if one or more components of western obstetric practices might not influence the high rate of bleeding.

Botha served more than 26 000 Bantu women over 10 years, and states that "the retained placenta occurred rarely, and never had to perform a blood transfusion for postpartum hemorrhage. (26) Women Bantu give birth squatting, both the baby and placenta, and nobody takes care of the cord until the placenta comes out by itself by the action of gravity.

There is some evidence that the practice of cord clamping, not practiced by indigenous cultures, contributes both to postpartum hemorrhage as the retention of the placenta, because a quantity of 100 ml (as described above) is retained within the placenta. This increases the volume of the placenta, so the uterus can not contract effectively, and is more difficult to expel. (27)

Other Western practices can lead to a postpartum haemorrhage: use of oxytocin for inducing or accelerating delivery (28, 29), an episiotomy, or other perineal trauma, forceps delivery, cesarean section or cesarean section-because of problems with the placenta See Hemminki (30).

Gilbert notes that PPH rates in her hospital (UK) doubled between 1969-70 and 1983-85, which increased from 5% to 11%, and concludes that "Changes in birthing practices in the last 20 years have resulted in an increase in postpartum hemorrhage significant problem. "(31) In particular, Gilbert relates the increased risk of bleeding with the use of oxytocin to induce or accelerate labor, forceps delivery , a D or an extended expulsion, and the use of epidurals, which increases your chances of prolonging forceps delivery.

As we see, western practices do not facilitate the production of oxytocin from the mother herself, or paying attention to reducing the levels of adrenaline in the minutes following birth, with the physiological function of increasing uterine contractions and minimize bleeding.

Cord clamping, especially if it immediately, you can have the extra blood trapped in the placenta back to back, through the placenta into the maternal bloodstream. This may generate an immune reaction that can be reactivated in a subsequent pregnancy, destroying the baby's blood cells cusándole anemia or even death.

The use of oxytocin, which intensifies the expansion or contraction in the delivery of the placenta, has also been associated with an increased risk of maternal hemorrhage and problems of blood group incompatibility. (34, 35)

The World Health Organization in its 1996 publication Care in normal birth: A Practical Guide says:

"In a healthy population (as in most developed countries), postpartum haemorrhage of 1000 ml can be regarded as physiological and does not require treatment other than the administration of oxytocin. (36)

In relation to the housing management of routine oxytocic and traction cord, WHO shows his caution:

"The recommendation of a policy would mean the benefits of this management would offset and even outweigh the risks, including rare but serious risks that could manifest itself in the future."

Decide on a natural childbirth

Deciding to avoid preventive oxytocin, late cord clamping (if they do) and illuminate the placenta for yourself requires some forethought, commitment, and have professionals who are comfortable and have experience with these practices.

However, a natural birth is more than this: we must ensure respect for the emotional and hormonal processes of the mother and baby, without forgetting that this is a unique moment. Odent Michel underlines the importance of not interrupt this time, not with words, and believes that the ideal is that the mother can feel observed and inhibitions in his first encounter with her baby. The level of non-interference is little common, even in the home or the homes of delivery.

The birth of lotus (lotus birth), the central theme of this book gives us the opportunity to "drill incencio slow" after birth, as the Canadian midwife Gloria Lemay, and gives our babies all physical and metaphysical benefits prolonged contact with the placenta. The birth of lotus, a good midwife, also isolates the mother and baby during the first hours and days, ensuring rest and reduce visits to a minimum.

The birth is a first encounter, and creates a powerful impression on the relationship between mother and child. When both are comfortable and have received no drugs, are fully present and alert, discover more about themselves and discover more about the sacred origins of our capacity to love.

Lotus birth, a ritual for our times

2010-06-23T10:46:00.000-07:00

Lotus Birth is the practice of leaving the umbilical cord uncut, so that the baby is attached to its placenta until the cord naturally emerges from the navel, between three and ten days after birth, just like a umbilical cord has been cut at birth. This prolonged contact can be viewed as a transition time, allowing the baby away from her marriage to the mother's body in a smooth and gradual.

Although we have no written records of cultures that do not cut the cord umbilidal, many traditional peoples have the placenta in high esteem. For example, the Maori of New Zealand's placenta is buried in an ancient ritual meeting place, and the Hmong, a tribe of South East Asia, believe that the placenta must be retrieved after death to ensure physical integrity in the next life . The Hmong baby's placenta is buried inside the house where they were born.

Lotus birth is a new ritual, which before 1974 had been described only in chimpanzees. Clair was then Lotus Day, pregnant and living in California, began to question the routine cutting the umbilical cord. Her search led her to an obstetrician sensitive to their wishes. His son Trimurti was born in a hospital and returned home with the umbilical cord uncut. Lotus birth practice is named Clair, and his seed went on to Jeanine Parvati Baker in the U.S., and Shivam Rachana in Australia, who were strong advocates of this practice.

Since 1974, many babies are born this way, at home or in hospitals, land and water, and even by cesarean section. Lotus birth is a beautiful and logical extension of natural childbirth, an invitation to claim the so-called third stage of labor, delivery, for ourselves and for our babies, and to honor the placenta, the primary source of food for our children.

The birth of Zoe Lotus

I experienced Lotus birth with my second daughter and my children following after I have been fascinated by it during my second pregnancy through my contact with Shivam Rachana and its Center for Human Transformation (Centre for Human Transformation-CHT), in Yarra Glen, near Melbourne, Australia. The Lotus nacmiento sense to me at that time, because I remembered my experinecias in hospital obstetric services, and the strange and uncomfortable sensation of cutting fleshy and cartilaginous cord connecting the baby to the placenta and mother. For me, the feeling was like cutting a finger without bones, and I loved the idea of avoiding the court when my baby was born.

Thanks to the CHT, I talked with women who had decided not to cut the cord of their babies, and had lived a beautiful postnatal period. Some women also described their children born and full of serenity and fulfillment. Others described it as a challenge, from the emotional point of view and practical. Nicholas, my partner, was worried that it might interfere with the magic of those early days, but agreed with my wishes.

Zoe, our second daughter, was born at home, September 10, 1993. Her placenta had oval shape, something unusual was perfect for the red velvet bag that I had sewn for storage. Shortly after birth, the placenta wrapped in gauze fabric, then the velvet bag, and then with the baby wrapped in a shawl. Every 24 hours, we watched the placenta, dried ourselves with taps, and she poured generous amounts of salt and a few drops of lavender oil. Emma, aged two, was delighted to participate in the care of her sister's placenta.

A few days later, Zoe's cord dried from the navel area and became thin and brittle. He formed a 90 º turn very timely to be filtered through his clothes, and not scratched or irritated skin. The placenta also dried up and wrinkled with our salt treatment, and developed a juicy smell our cat was really interesting.

Zoe's cord fell off at six days old, without any fuss. Other babies were crying inconsolably or grabbed their cord tightly before separation. When Zoe turned one, plant the placenta under a mandarin that our dear friend and neighbor Annie later dug up and planted again in a pot in his garden when we moved to another state. Annie told us later that the mandarins of the tree were the sweetest she had never tried.

Lotus Birth of Jacob

Our third child, Jacob Patrick, was born at home on December 25, 1995, in the water. Jacob and I stayed a while in the water, so while I nursed him, picked up the placenta in a plastic container, ice cream with lid and a hole through which we pass the cord. This time, during the first day we put the placenta in a sieve to drain. Not dressed for Jacob, but I stayed in physical contact with him in a quiet place while Nicholas cared for Emma (four years) and Zoe (two). Jacob cord fell off after four days, and felt that he was deeply imbued with the tranquility of the moment.

It was perfect, because my parents came from New Zealand the next day to help with domestic commissariat. Later, Jacob chose to bury a jacaranda its placenta in our new home in Queensland.

Maia Lotus Birth

My fourth daughter, Maia Rose, was born in Brisbane, where Lotus birth is still very new, on July 26, 2000. We had a beautiful home birth, and intuition told me that this time the cord would follow soon. I decided not to apply any treatment to the placenta, but put it in a sieve over a bowl during the day, and our red velvet bag at night.

Maia's cord fell off just past three days, and though it was winter and it was pretty cool, had become brittle and smelled enough (if he had treated with salt, could have prevernirlo). We buried the placenta in our garden, and planted a rose on top. I cut a piece of cord and dry, he had formed a very curious and beautiful turns to save it for her.

Children remember

My older kids have blessed me with stories of his experiences in pregnancy and childbirth, and agreement is unanimous in favor of not cutting the cord. Emma, above all, remember the unpleasant feeling that he cut the cord (after it had stopped beating), which, she says, "He was grieved in his heart." Zoe, when she was five, told me that was linked to "a loving thing" in my belly. You may remember your placenta as a source of food and love in the uterus.

Lotus birth has been, for us, an exquisite ritual which has heightened the magic of the first days after birth. I felt a wholeness and serenity in my children born in this way, and I think that love, fusion and harmony with nature, and the confidence and respect for the natural order, have left a mark on our family to honor the placenta, the Tree of Life.

Childbirth in women with multiple previous cesareans

2010-06-23T10:44:00.001-07:00

A study published in February 2010 in BJOG: An International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, one of the most prestigious medical journal, shows that women with three or more previous cesareans attempting vaginal delivery success rate and have similar risks Maternal morbidity (of possible complications for the mother) than women with a single previous caesarean birth, and a similar morbidity (combined vaginal deliveries and emergency caesarean sections) to those who deliver by repeat cesarean.

The planned vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) refers to any woman whom he has performed a Caesarean section previously and try to deliver vaginally, rather than repeat cesarean. Although the rates of complications among women with two previous cesareans, low transverse incision (Pfannenstiel), who attempt a vaginal delivery are relatively low, including the possibility of serious complications such as uterine rupture, the data on outcomes in women with more than two previous cesareans were very limited.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), the societies of obstetricians and gynecologists U.S. and Britain, respectively, did not recommend VBAC after 3 previous C-sections. (1) case of the Spanish Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics, only encourages the PVDC when there has been only one previous cesarean delivery.

In this study, researchers wanted to estimate the rate of success and risks of maternal complications in women with three or more previous cesareans that proved a VBAC. The study reviewed data from different centers in 17 maternity hospitals in the northeastern United States between 1996 and 2000. in total, included data from 25 005 women who had had at least one previous cesarean delivery.

The results indicate that women who had three or more previous cesareans showed no differences in morbidity when tried a VBAC and when they opted for a new caesarean section. The 89 women included in the study who had three or more previous cesareans and who opted for a VBAC had the same chances of success that women with one or two previous cesarean: 79.8%, compared with 75% and 74 % respectively. Furthermore, none of them experienced a significant maternal complications such as uterine rupture, uterine artery laceration, or damage to the urinary bladder. These success rates are extremely positive, they indicate that women with more than three previous caesarean sections would have about a 25% chance of completing a new pregnancy with a new C-section. 25%, approximately the percentage of caesarean sections being made to women as "low risk", with normal pregnancies, with no previous cesarean delivery.

They suggest that, given the results, discard VBAC for women with three or more previous cesareans may not be based on scientific proof. Women with a history of three or more previous cesareans, if another pregnancy, experience no major complications in case of opting for vaginal birth or repeat cesarean. The risks associated with multiple C-sections include, complications related to surgery and abnormal insertion of the placenta in subsequent pregnancies.

The lead researcher Dr. Alison Cahill, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University (St. Louis School of Medicine) stated that "These data suggest that women with three or more previous cesareans who try VBAC have rates of success and risks similar to those with 1 or 2 previous cesareans, and along with other publications, suggests that it may be time to review the current recommendations for testing vaginal delivery in women with more than one previous cesarean delivery. "

"Many had proposed a conservative approach PVDC tests, and we agree that this is prudent. But our evidence does not suggest that a conservative approach, which we interpret as an approach that seeks to reduce morbidity, and specifically the risk of uterine rupture ¬ - necessarily pass PVDC allow only women with one previous cesarean delivery. With proper selection of patients, the VBAC after 2 or 3 previous cesareans, in some cases it may be reasonably safe. "

Philip Steer, BJOG editor in chief, said: "While confidence in the results of the study is limited by small sample relativametne women who had had three previous caesarean section, these results provide additional information for women and contribute to the evidence available on success and safety of VBAC in mujers with more than one previous cesarean delivery. "

"As labor does not always conform to the plans, the results can serve as a reference for doctors when a woman with three or more previous cesareans goes into labor spontaneously."

Intrauterine growth retardation: induce or wait?

2010-06-23T10:43:00.001-07:00

In a study presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM-Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine), the Pregnancy Meeting ™ in Chicago, a research group has shown results that indicate that in case of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), spontaneous labor can be expected to be equally effective to induce.

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) implies that the unborn child is substantially smaller than usual, and affects approximately 10% of pregnancies.

At birth, IUGR infants are more likely to experience hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), difficulty maintaining body temperature, and an abnormally high number of red blood cells. They are also prone to neonatal jaundice, infections and cerebral palsy. As they grow, babies who had CIR may be more likely to have behavioral disorders, obesity, heart disease, type II diabetes and hypertension.

Due to lack of sufficient studies, obstetricians are two different policies in pregnancies with suspected intrauterine growth retardation. Some doctors prefer to induce labor, while others prefer to wait for spontaneous labor to avoid the high incidence of operative delivery (forceps, vacuum, spatulas) related to the inductions. Researchers at the obstetric research consortium in the Netherlands conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial of 650 women in 52 hospitals, to compare both strategies.

Pregnant women with one baby, with suspicion of IUGR after 36 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned to a group of labor induction or expectant management group. The mean birth weight was significantly lower in the group which underwent labor induction, 2.420 kg, compared to 2.560 kg in the group where they waited for spontaneous labor. Adverse neonatal outcomes (babies with any kind of difficulty at birth) were similar in both groups. The results show that waiting is a strategy at least as effective for inducing labor.

"We now have evidence-based reasons to identify the attention we pay to every delivery, and to invite women to take the decision that they feel most comfortable," said Dr. Kim Boers, of the University of Leiden (Netherlands Netherlands).

The main inconvenient truth

2010-06-23T10:41:00.000-07:00

Humanity is facing a wide variety of "inconvenient truths." Al Gore, the Copenhagen summit and the concept of an "economy of low-carbon" has become one of them in a very topical issue. Other examples include the global overpopulation, the destruction of the ozone layer, pollution of the marine food chain, the biodiversity crisis, weapons of mass destruction and the dramatic increase in incidences of many diseases. All of these uncomfortable truths may be considered secondary after addressing the question of who is responsible for the current dilemmas. The "Homo predator"-type of Homo currently dominates all living creatures on the planet Earth is endowed with incredible potential of aggressiveness and is undoubtedly responsible for the many threats facing our species during the third millennium: this is the Main Inconvenient Truth.

Genesis of Homo predator

The basic question, therefore, have to do with the genesis of the main features of Homo predator. It is likely that genetic factors are important, since the potential for aggression in our closest relatives, Pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee), is well documented: these cousins our taking part in wars and rape has been observed that humans and chimpanzees are the only species that kill their fellow deliberately, with premeditation. However, from a practical point of view and to devise a hypothetical change to a renewed humanity, able to live peacefully and sustainably, we must consider the possible epigenetic factors reinforce these human traits.

To investigate such epigenetic factors, we must first refer to the moment when our ancestors began to domesticate other living beings. At that time human groups adapted their strategies for survival with the onset of agriculture and livestock. The construction of towns and cities provided a new dimension to the concept of territory. Reasons emerged renovated to territorial and economic conflicts. Since then, the strategy of survival of human groups has been based on domination of nature and the domination-even elimination, of other human groups. It's easy to understand that for thousands of years, successful human groups have been those that have been transmitted from one generation to the beliefs and rituals that amplify the human potential for aggression. The domination of nature and other human groups have implied the ability to destroy life and therefore influences the development of the capacity to love.

In 2010 we have some clues to the time when environmental factors appear to influence the development of the main features of Homo predator. At the same time that concepts such as gene expression, gene silencing and epigenetic modulation most commonly appear in scientific literature, we are learning to ask new questions about the genesis of pathological conditions and personality traits. In the past, this was primarily to compare the components of genetic and environmental factors and to identify the genes involved. Today we must think in terms of timing or the exact moment when something happens.

One of the functions of the Database Primal Health Research is to try to identify the critical moments for gene-environmental interaction in terms of personality traits and states of health. A vision of the entire database suggests that on the genesis of metabolic traits, significant critical periods occur during fetal life, while the period around birth could be crucial to the ability to love and potential aggression . Thus, an exploration of the database, using keywords that indicate metabolic types (such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, or heart disease) are studies that detect risk factors especially during fetal life while keywords that are related to alterations in the ability to love (including self-love) are studies that detect risk factors particularly during the perinatal period. This is what happens with keywords such as criminality, autism, suicide, drug addiction and anorexia nervosa.

So we can assume that in societies where the potential development of aggression is crucial, is through perinatal beliefs and rituals cultural backgrounds can interact effectively, exactly the same way that all cultural backgrounds have interfered for thousands of years. Have amplified the difficulties of human birth, have challenged the aggressive-protective maternal instinct, separating the baby from the mother and have delayed the initiation of breastfeeding. (The aggressive-protective maternal instinct does not need a definition: one need only imagine the assault would be if someone tried to take the newborn to a mother chimpanzee).

It would take several volumes to review all the traditional ways in which it has interfered with the physiological processes during the perinatal period in different cultural settings. A review of all the beliefs and rituals more widespread, reveals, above all, the perineal scars that remain after the ritual genital mutilation, different aspects of the socialization of labor, the changing role of the midwife, beliefs regarding colostrum qualify as "bad" or the danger of eye contact between mother and newborn, rituals associated with the early cord cutting, authorization for which the mother has to wait before being able to touch your baby (approval that can be granted by the shaman, the godfather, the midwife or the father, for example). The cumulative effect of beliefs and rituals of this level of generalization, is a powerful cultural conditioning, resulting in a woman is incapable of giving birth without the help of assistants to the parties to work with their expertise and energy, and that the newborn requires an urgent care provided by a person other than the mother.

Del Homo Homo predator ecologicus

These considerations on the genesis of the main features of Homo predator assume paramount importance in a decisive moment in the history of mankind, when we realize that what is at stake is the health of the planet and the survival of our species. We are learning that the domination of nature has its limits. The need to create more unity in the global village is becoming more accepted. We must ask ourselves, how respect for Mother Earth, as aspect of love can develop. In other words, we understand that humanity has to invent radically new strategies for survival. This implies an evolution of Homo predator to a human being could be called Homo Ecologicus.

First we need to clarify concisely, what is the nature of this moment in the history of mankind. Even if, for thousands of years, has been an advantage for the survival of human groups to develop the potential of aggression, it is now essential to the survival of our species, we develop the capacity to love. Using as a reference to our closest relative, the common chimpanzee, we suggested that genetic factors may explain our potential for aggression. Similarly, using another of our close relatives, the bonobo (the bonobo, or pan paniscus, recently differentiated from the common chimpanzee), we can assume that our apparent ability to love also has a strong genetic basis: altruism and compassion that exists among the bonobos, are well documented and there is no evidence of lethal attacks, or among the wild population or in captivity, nor has any report forcing copulation males, adult females abusing or killing their young.

Is it utopian such a program?

In the current scientific context is theoretically possible to explore the concept of critical periods of development and evolution of Homo schedule a predator compatible with the survival of our species. First, scientific studies would be needed, from a physiological perspective on the basic needs of women in labor. Then we would have to digest this scientific data to get rid of a long history of beliefs and rituals, which are losing their evolutionary advantages and would have to abandon political correctness.

An important finding of the second half of the twentieth century, provides a telling example about the power of modern scientific disciplines can exercise to challenge aspects of deeply ingrained cultural conditioning. It was not until the 70s it was found that a newborn human baby needs her mother! As a student of medicine at a maternity unit in 1953, had never heard of a mother who asked to remain with her newborn baby in her arms, as if, at that time, everybody "knew" that a newborn baby need to routinely "care" provided by a third person. Suddenly, it was randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of skin contact immediately after birth. Such studies were inspired by the concept of a critical period for the mother-infant attachment, presented by ethologists investigating non-human mammals. At the same time there was a new generation of research on the behavioral effects of hormones that fluctuate in the perinatal period. Further studies were also conducted on the composition of early colostrum, the early manifestation of rooting and the ability of a newborn to find the chest during the hour of birth. From an immunological perspective, we learned that IgG (Immunoglobulin G) readily passes the human placenta, so that the microbes that are familiar to the mother also is familiar to the newborn germ-free. This led to the conclusion that, from a germ, germs that are transmitted from the mother, should ideally be the first to colonize the baby's body. Today we can say that during the twentieth century and thanks to the rapid development of various scientific disciplines, were discovered the basic needs of the newborn human.

Since it has been possible to make scientific discoveries of this magnitude on the basic needs of the newborn, we dare say that now would be unrealistic to a discovery on the basic needs of women in labor, despite facing similar difficulties. We expect in-depth studies, inspired by physiological concepts such as catecholamines, oxytocin antagonism neocortical inhibitions, open way for fruitful research. We await further studies on ways in which environmental factors influence the release of oxytocin, the "hormone shy."

It is anticipated that a difficult step will be digesting scientific knowledge and make them culturally acceptable. The obstacles are obvious in terms of the needs of the newborn. Cultural acceptance of the fact that a newborn baby needs his mother, has seen some practical implications: for example, made the concept of rooming-in became a familiar concept followed by the Kangaroo. Scientific data, however, were not readily accepted by the cultural environment. While scientists were focused on mother-infant interaction, the cultural environment interpreted the results saying that the newborn needed, immediately, to their parents. Suddenly he established the doctrine of father involvement in childbirth. It's like a mother-infant interaction without cultural interference is not acceptable. It is in this way that made the leap from one generation of people at birth, they had no idea what could be the mother-infant interaction, to another generation, accustomed to a new aspect of the socialization of labor and lacked knowledge about the way in which childbirth can elapse with no one around the woman in labor, in addition to an experienced midwife, mature, quiet and unobtrusive.

Such barriers probably delay a clear understanding of the basic needs of women in labor. The effect status of thousands of years of socialized delivery has been strengthened over the past two decades due to the accumulation of visual messages. There has been a veritable epidemic of videos of natural childbirth cases. The power of visual messages such enormous in terms of cultural conditioning. In most of these cases shows a woman in labor, surrounded by two or three people (including man), all looking at (besides, of course, the camera). These births are presented as "natural" because the scene takes place at home or because the mother is on all fours or because you are in a pool of labor. But the environment is unnatural. The message transmitted by these powerful images and vocabulary currently used is: "can not give birth without the participation of others who contribute their skills (coaching, management etc.) Or energy (support etc .). Can we overcome a cultural conditioning so strong?

An interaction between knowledge and awareness

In an age when scientific research is expanding at an unprecedented speed, all questions related to the survival of our species inspire questions about the human capacity to digest scientific knowledge. In other words, exploring the interaction between knowledge and consciousness is becoming more crucial than ever.

Scientific knowledge can induce and stimulate a new awareness. The discovery that a baby needs his mother is a typical example of scientific data form the basis of a new consciousness. Moreover, a new awareness can lead to scientific knowledge or to help assess the importance of scientific data. In addition, too much information provided by a highly specialized discipline can become an obstacle to a new consciousness. A good example is the large number of women obstetricians who, according to British and American studies, schedule a caesarean for the birth of their children and accept the operation as a routine way to give birth. Their position is understandable, since they are highly specialized professionals and have in mind only the results of numerous randomized controlled trials suggest, according to the criteria used routinely in medical research to assess the practice of obstetrics, which is an option cesarean easier and safer. Other women, who have not been influenced by the same type of information, have reached a more advanced level of consciousness and consider the abdominal as unacceptable as the first option. Consciousness can be induced by the intuitive knowledge ("knowledge") precedence over the effects that can lead the scientific data.

The importance of being bilingual

Worldwide there are core people that have a cutting-edge special ability to reach a new consciousness before the others. Your responsibility is to help through the initiation and dissemination of new consciousness. While trying to pass on only their intuitive knowledge, while only speak the language of the heart "- his effort is unsuccessful. To have influence should rationalize "gut feeling." They have to train yourself to be "bilingual," meaning they have to learn to combine the language of the heart "or the transmission of their intuitive knowledge with scientific language. Every time it becomes easier to combine these two languages.

To illustrate this need to be "bilingual" let's start with the example of those who accepted the c-section as the preferred way of having a baby. How can we help them achieve another level of consciousness? In the current scientific context it is easy to explain that to give birth to babies and illuminate the placenta, all mammals, including humans, mammals would have to release a "cocktail of love hormones." It is also easy to remember that, until recently, despite cultural interference, a woman could not have a baby without being dependent on the release of a hormone flow of this type. Without presenting sophisticated statistical data, we can easily make it clear that, at the planetary level, the number of women giving birth and illuminate the placenta through the release of a natural flow of hormones are approaching zero, since many of the which still give birth vaginally, pharmacological substitutes need impeding the release of natural hormones without sharing their behavioral effects. This is a simple way to explain that the history of labor is at a decisive moment, it's an easy way suggest that hormones of love are being useless in the critical period around birth, is a simple way to inspire questions in terms of civilization, is a simple way to clarify what must be to our goals. Our goals should not be the elimination of CS, which in fact is a wonderful rescue operation. Our objectives should be to create conditions so that as many women as possible can give birth to their babies and the placentas light thanks to the release of its own natural hormones. This is only realistically be the day that the basic needs of women in childbirth are well understood. All those who, no matter their background, they realize that the highly intelligent Homo predator is able to do useless to the hormones of love, wonder what will happen to our civilization after several generations follow the same path.

In fact, scientific language helps us to realize and rationalize the need for us to reach a collective dimension. For this we can use animals as a model. Among non-human mammals the consequences of interfering in the process are dramatic and immediate delivery from a single perspective: In general the mother shows no interest in your baby. Among humans are needed long-term studies, with huge amounts of subjects to detect a significant effect. This is illustrated by exploring the database Primal Health Research. For example, a study of the whole Swedish female population, born during a period of ten years was necessary to demonstrate that the forceps and vacuum deliveries were statistically significant risk factors for developing anorexia nervosa later in life; just as was necessary to include more than 50,000 male subjects born in Jerusalem, during a period of eight years, to show that the average performance intelligence were significantly higher in those born by forceps or vacuum extraction. Especially need this branch in the development phase, belonging to the epidemiology, called Primal Health Research, to train us to expand our horizons to the necessary transition to Homo ecologicus. Is it possible to modify a deliberate and conscious the dominant features of Homo predator through what would be an epigenetic modulation process? It will be possible to dream of such a fundamental step in the history of mankind!

The first month

2010-06-23T10:34:00.000-07:00

When you begin to suspect you're pregnant, your body and you will have sent some information. Usually the suspicions are confirmed with a pregnancy test or commercial blood tests. Both tests detect the presence (or absence) of chorionic gonadotropin hormone which confirms that the creation of the new being has already begun.

The first signs of pregnancy may include:

Fatigue: The changes that your body is producing much needed energy and prevent you from doing any strenuous activity, or simply resist sleep after dinner.
* Nausea and Vomiting: It is usual that morning not only cost you more get up, but you get Marees and not the bathroom to vomit. Even a cup of water can cause gagging. Tends to happen when you wake up, but can last all day. It is suspected that part of a system for protecting the woman's body during the most delicate stage of the formation of the baby.
* Blood spots: At times during the first months, continue to menstruate around the same dates that would have the period, causing some confusion.
* Refinement of smell: Another mechanism of protection of pregnancy is the refusal of certain smells such as snuff, coffee or pollution.
* Pecking: Food cravings are nothing more than having the body needs a certain nutrient that result in changes in diet. It also often makes malaise take more food with less food.
* Breast changes: The areola begins to darken, grow breasts and nipples protrude more. It is one of the first symptoms to note that women and suspicion of their new state.
* Discomfort in the area of the pelvis: It may be that the lower abdomen and pelvis are felt different, and even with some discomfort, but if you find a sharp pain, you should see a doctor.
* Frequent urination: Because of hormonal changes, you may be passing urine more often.

The mood may also vary, partly due to the action of hormones and in part by the liability or the satisfaction of creating a new life.

You may feel:

* Happy, especially if it has been a wanted pregnancy
* Incredulous, because in many cases not notice anything, even the blood test or even the first scan are not entirely convinced
* Ambiguous because the responsibility for training and then raise a baby can be wonderful but also very hard, especially if the kind of life taken so far is not very compatible with a baby
* Unstable hormones make the lives of pregnant is like a roller coaster, one day everything is great and the next depression is complete, and more with morning sickness (which, fortunately, is just around the fourth month)
* Full of doubt, life will change completely, even if the second child, nothing will ever be the same and sometimes the lack of confidence in oneself in to do my best assault makes us many questions. In the end, we advance step by step and confidence in one increases
* Nervous is very normal to fear the unknown: stories of births and long nights without sleep, problems with breastfeeding ... At the end everyone out of trouble with information and help, and if you feel too nervous, discuss it with your doctor.

At the time that the new state has been confirmed you must ask yourself a number of things to start changing your life. The nights of partying until all are finished for a while. Look at it as something positive, because you are making an extremely important task and magical. Take it easy and take care begins, it is the best way to care for your unborn baby. Cooperation with partners is essential. Now begin nine months where your partner should take care of some chores with which you shall not, by your state first, and then because the baby's care will not leave you time. Little by little, if by helping your partner, now both going to be a computer on which the two colaboraréis. So when the baby is born, he may perform household chores, while you rest and take care of the newborn.

In the same way that the baby is changing inside you, things abroad also must be adapted to the new situation to come. Sleep as much as possible; as fatigue take hold of you, beat you sleep. Listen to your body and all the messages you send: Changes in your tummy, swollen legs, heart, little by little have a greater burden because of pregnancy is generated about 1.5 more liters of blood, breasts growing, and so on. These signs are unique to pregnancy and only you will when you're brewing, or to enjoy them.

During the first month the exterior changes are minimal, but what happens inside is of paramount importance.

The time of delivery
Possible delivery date is calculated by adding thirty-eight weeks from the date of conception or forty at the time of the last menstruation. As it is quite difficult to know when the baby was conceived, most physicians make reference to that date. To avoid being sent each time telling which week of pregnancy you are, you can write on a calendar the number of weeks until week 40, and thus avoid telling you when you need to know. In cases of multiple pregnancy, it usually lasts less, because babies can not fit inside your mom. In other cases, both can go ahead as delayed, but not recommended a delay of two weeks.

How and when to say it?
Once you are sure of your new situation will be very difficult to remain silent. If you have not opened the envelope or blood test done together, you can prepare a meal or a romantic weekend, certainly not forget it, especially if the first child. Remember your own feelings when you found out and think you might not expect it. Maybe the doubts and fears assail him suddenly, give it time. Decide together when to say it to others to whom. There are people who can not hold back and start calling everyone you know, even the premium in Germany which never calls. Others wait in case there are any problems, saving you the annoyance of calling back to say he was not well. Most people expect it more intimate and hopes to go public by the third month. If you already have other siblings in the family, it is preferable depending on the age wait until the pregnancy is already quite visible, as toddlers do not have much sense of time, or be the first to know them as this makes them a very important role as bearers of the news.
The choice of medical equipment
It seems too early to decide what type of birth you have, but although you can always change doctors, gynecologist type you choose determines whether the delivery will be more or less interventionist, and even how much your opinion be heard at the crucial moment. All will give you a healthy pregnancy and baby, but the road to reach this target can be very different. You can interview you with several before you decide to visit one or longer and as your pregnancy continues to consider whether the type of doctor you want.

Advice
All the advice we gave you in preparing for pregnancy (smoking cessation, exercise, etc.) apply even more important once the baby is already growing in your belly. Remember that the first 14 weeks are vital to the development of your baby. Recently, investigations have revealed how and when diet, health, emotional state and exposure to environmental agents affect the formation of the fetus. According to one theory, fatigue and nausea that many women experience during early pregnancy, are a way to protect the embryo. When this phase is most vulnerable, the mother tends to decrease their physical activity and maintaining a simple diet. Apparently the cause of this situation is the hormone hCG begins to be detected on the first week after conception and has its maximum value to the tenth week, then decreased rapidly. Despite the cumbersome it is for many mothers discomfort early in the pregnancy, this is an indication that the placenta is developing well and there is less risk of abortion.

Doulas

2010-06-23T10:31:00.000-07:00

The origin of the word Doula
The prestigious medical journal New England Medical Journal published a study in the 80s made by Dr. Klaus and Kenon in a large public hospital in Guatemala (60 births a day) during the 70's. They found that the rate of interventions, caesarean section and was very high drug spending. To try to solve the problem by performing the following study: randomly assigned women to other women who were mothers, with experience in birth, so that will handle labor and other health personnel were assigned, as usual. They found that younger women had far fewer interventions stated.
Repeating the study in Houston, Texas, with lower-class women, mostly Mexican and Puerto Rican migrants, and the results were very similar. Surprisingly, it turned to be done with middle-class American women, with different results.

When published these studies did not find the right word to describe the woman who accompanied the birth, and chose the Greek word "doula." It is a word that comes from ancient Greek and means slave or servant in a big house, and that probably helped the woman of the house during the birth process. But in reality, since this word literally means servant in Greek environments prefer to use the name "paramana doula" which has a meaning closer to that being sought. Anyway, throughout the world is identified with the name doula to women, with knowledge of labor and birth itself, which accompanies the woman who will give birth.

What is a doula?
A doula is an experienced birth assistance provides ongoing support, information and emotional and physical support to pregnant women before, during and just after childbirth. Doulas attend women giving birth in hospitals, homes and at home births.

The first mission of the doula is to report positively on the experience of motherhood and childbirth for pregnant women and their families. The foundation of a doula care is based on the knowledge that the continuous emotional support and confidence during the birthing process enhances and facilitates all stages of motherhood greatly.

The important thing about a doula is not, then what she knows, but who she is, his personality, because that is what most influences to help women in labor.

Tasks you can perform a doula:

* During pregnancy:
Discuss your goals for the birth and any doubt and fear
It complements the information received in the childbirth preparation classes by the midwife
It reports the birth process and the pain and suggested ideas to improve comfort appropriate to the circumstances
Provides advice on a birth plan to consult with your doctor or midwife
* During labor
Accompanies you when you feel the need for their support, offering emotional support
He is with you to answer your questions and encourage you
Suggests ways to endure the pain and facilitate delivery in collaboration with the medical staff
It acts as a watchdog of the wishes of the mother during the birth process against unwanted interventions
Help creating a suitable environment for the mother (reducing noise and light, playing music, adjusting the heat or cold, answering the phone, etc.).
Help in a VBAC (vaginal birth after cesarean), if applicable
Works with a midwife in the care of a home birth
Respect the privacy of the woman in labor
Provides support and security to other family members
* After the baby is born
Help through postpartum procedures
It facilitates the early establishment of breastfeeding
Maintains telephone contact for any query
Help in the care of the house and the other brothers to reassure the new mother and free of charge

But really, what changes with a doula?
According to the book "mothering the mother, how a doula can help you have a shorter birth, easy and healthy" by Kennel, Klaus and Kennel (Mothering the Mother, How a Doula Can Help You Have a Shorter, Easier and Healthier Birth (1993)) a doula can provide the following differences:

* 50% reduction in caesarean sections
* 25% shorter labor
* 60% fewer requests for epidural
* 40% less use of synthetic oxytocin
* 30% less analgesic use
* 40% less use of forceps
* Improves parent-infant bond
* Less problems with breastfeeding
* Reduced incidence of postpartum depression

A study by Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, USA, showed that while 63% of women who did not have the support of a doula needed a cesarean delivery after induction, only 20% of those who were in a doula with them the required.

Doulas, midwives and doctors
The midwife and the doctor can provide all the necessary care for a woman and her baby throughout pregnancy, birth and after it. They have all the knowledge and equipment necessary to advise of any deviation from normal and act accordingly. The role of the midwife is physical and emotional support during the birth experience by using their knowledge and skills in education, counseling and health promotion.

The doula provides emotional care and practical assistance to women and their families before, during and after delivery. It can provide information, advice and support, but is not qualified to engage in any clinical task. However, you can be knowledgeable about massage, reflexology, homeopathy and breastfeeding. Is the person chosen by women and / or partner to protect them in their birth experience and assist in their transition to motherhood and fatherhood. His work comes from the work traditionally done by other women of the family or neighborhood (as in many cultures yet). The doula is also the person who protects women to respect their wishes, facilitating communication between it and the midwives and doctors.

One aspect that differentiates the role of the doula is your ongoing care. As labor begins, she is with the woman until the end. All requirements have been established and has agreed beforehand how the doula can help women in childbirth and after him, with the new baby. There are no shift changes or other obligations. Not so in the case of the midwife, who often do not have time to listen, educate and guide women in their entry into motherhood. Instead, the doula can spend several hours a day helping with breastfeeding, preparing meals or taking older siblings. The doula can negotiate with the mother some flexibility to allow you to meet the needs of his own family, something that some midwives also would like.

According to the spokesperson of the American Academy of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the doula provides support to people in the delivery room "if they know what their role in the birth process ... and that its most important function is to support psychological mother. " But sometimes, due to lack of time and dedication of doctors and midwives, parents tend to ask more to the person you have had more relationship and contact, the doula, whose expertise may not be as comprehensive and accurate like a doctor or midwife, who have had several years of college.

Dr. Marshall Klaus, a professor of pediatrics at the University of California at San Francisco, is a pioneering researcher on the benefits of the presence of doulas, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1991. It was he who helped found the association of Doulas of North America. The courses for doulas, the group strongly advised not face any medical decision. "Sometimes, even though they often say that doulas should be discussed with a doctor, they do," says Dr. Klaus.

The trouble is when doctors or midwives decide to do something, like a shaving, enema and episiotomy, the evidence-based investigations have proved unnecessary. Often hospital practices are more of a protocol established by a decision taken by the particular situation. The doula should be able to distinguish such situations from those where there is a real risk, without dealing with the medical staff, informing and giving constant support to the mother.

Are doulas the guardians of normal birth mass in front of the medicalization?
Traditionally, midwives were the guardians of normal childbirth, but if they can not, any alternative must be found. Even some midwives do not want to provide women the kind of support they need to have the greatest opportunities for a normal delivery. Women who are confident in preserving a normal delivery are beginning to increase the volume of their demands. This claim also includes some midwives do not conform to the current situation, pregnant women and doulas. Some doulas are old midwives or mothers who feel the need to do something to defend the normal physiology of pregnancy, childbirth and baby's first days, before the excessive medicalization and current intervention.

Do you feel the father moved to the presence of a doula?
Not at all. Normally, prospective parents receive this woman experienced with open arms. The doula does not displace the couple at birth, rather takes the pressure of having to take care of it (and its environment, or other children, home, extended family, etc.) So that he can do it does best: love.

Questions and answers about exercise during pregnancy

2010-06-23T10:27:00.000-07:00

Need help exercise during pregnancy?
As physical exercise promotes muscle tone, strength and endurance, can help carry the weight gain during pregnancy, prepare for the tough task of delivery, and facilitate the recovery of your figure when the baby is born. Unfortunately, there is evidence that regular exercise shortens the duration of labor. The activity during your pregnancy can reduce the physical discomfort of the back, constipation, fatigue and swelling of the legs. See our list of advantages.

Is there a case that should not exercise?
Sometimes, physical exercise during pregnancy is completely contraindicated to protect the health of the mother, baby or both. Check with your doctor or midwife before starting or continuing any exercise. See our list of contraindications.

I exercise every day. Can I maintain this level during pregnancy?
If you are healthy, you're in shape and you find yourself doing it, continue with it, but listen well to the messages you will send your body. According to the American magazine of the Association of Obstetrics and Gynecology, women who exercised before pregnancy may continue to do so without jeopardizing the health or development of your baby. Researchers at the University of Oslo, Norway, studied 42 women who exercised six times a week, some at a high level and others at a medium level. When they compared the length of confinement, weight gain and weight of the baby, found no differences between the two groups of women.

What kind of exercise is best for a pregnant woman?
Walking, running smoothly, yoga, gymnastics, dance, swimming, stationary cycling and skiing exercises are considered safe for pregnancy as long as you do not overdo it. Towards the end of gestation, swimming is probably the most pleasant feeling of weightlessness that provides the water.

If I have never exercised before, do I have to take any precautions now?
Whenever you have clearance from your doctor or midwife, you can gradually begin to practice a gentle exercise to reach a moderate level. Make low-impact exercises such as walking or swimming, and keep the sessions short.

I have to change my exercise routine during the different stages of pregnancy?
Yes, before pregnancy even if you were very active, you will feel heavier and it will be increasingly difficult to keep up as the uterus grows. In addition, you must follow specific safety guidelines for each phase. For example, during the first quarter, it is important that your body temperature does not increase. However, especially in the third quarter, limiting the exercises in a lying position on your back as you can reduce the blood supply to the baby.

What sports are not recommended?
Those with the possibility of falling or requiring a balance as horseback riding, skiing, water skiing, cycling and contact sports. Even those who are too hard for the ligaments and cross country running, jumping, weightlifting, athletics, football, basketball, tennis, squash, etc.

How I can know if I'm doing too much exercise?
In general, you should not get tired to exhaustion. As you have less oxygen to the exercise because the baby needs before, you should not spend 60% of the maximum rate of your heartbeat. Count the beats for 10 seconds and try not to exceed 25. If you can talk normally while exercising, you do it right. If not for or low intensity. To immediately if you feel dizzy, you have shortness of breath, you have vaginal discharge, it costs you walk, you notice something strange contractions and the baby.

Why is there danger of overheating during exercise?
Although no human studies have been observed in animals that an increase in body temperature, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy can cause malformations in the baby. Therefore, it is suggested to avoid saunas and hot baths in the early months of pregnancy, because they increase the temperature of the mother.

What body temperature is considered too high?
Exceed 38 º C (or 101 º F) temperature under the arm, after exercise began to be considered dangerous.
How to maintain the temperature at a safe level?

* Do not exercise for long periods if it's hot or moisture is adequate
* Wear clothes suitable for exercise
* Take all the liquids that you two hours before exercise and during practice. Carry a bottle of water than can be sipping as you need it
* Make sure you do not exercise too hard controlling your heartbeat

Is it proper swimming during pregnancy?
Swimming is the most complete exercise for pregnant women. Like any other exercise, warming and cooling before the end are essential. Swimming is ideal because it uses the large muscles of the body (legs and arms). Being a low-impact exercise is aerobic, with major cardiovascular benefits and a very low risk of injury. It also enables the weight of the pregnant woman is not noticed so much, thanks to the feeling of weightlessness that provides the water. Any type of aerobic exercise helps increase the body's ability to process and use oxygen, which is great for the woman and baby. It also improves circulation, increases muscle tone and strength and promote endurance. The special situation at aquatic exercise reduces pressure on the ligaments, because water covers part of the stretch, making the movement more smooth. Exercises such as jumps, impossible to make into the final months are possible in the water. And other exercises, like the movement of arms, found in the resistance of the ideal added water component out of the water would be too simple.

How I can feel comfortable?
* Lying: It is best to use a firm mattress. In some cases, a folded towel or small pillow between your knees and thighs can help. Try to lie down with knees bent, avoiding overstretching the back. To get up, lean with your hands and elbows, and do it from side to sit. Follow the reverse process to lie down. At the end your pregnancy is possible that a towel or a pillow on your back also help you feel better.
* Sitting: It is preferable to use a chair to a chair. The back line makes the baby is placed correctly in your pelvis, especially in late pregnancy. If your knees are slightly below your hips will be better. Avoid crossing your legs, because it can cause discomfort at the end of your back.
* Walking: Walking is a fantastic exercise, but to be standing too long can cause swelling of the ankles and back pain. Try to walk straight and look at your center of gravity as you walk. Shoes must be comfortable and secure to prevent tripping. If you have to stand for long periods, put one foot before the other and rock, or move your pelvis forward and backward with the help of your abdominal muscles. If you're still standing, such as ironing, use a small stool or a stack of books (such as phone message) to keep a foot high.
* Lifting weights: It is best not to lift anything heavy, but if you have to keep your back straight and bend your knees and hips. Being pregnant does not load you will bring your body, be careful. As the ligaments are more relaxed, it is easier injured, so do not try to make any effort with something that is easily loaded before. When you go shopping, balancing the load between both hands.

What I can do to relieve back pain?
The pain in the lower back is usually relieved with better posture. Balance the pelvis to focus your baby in your body. Keep your back straight on a wall by bending your knees, put your hand on the lower back and pelvis balanced so that now the back pressing against your hand. Repeat the exercise several times until the wall do not need to do so. Try putting your hands on your hips while doing so. Another version of the same exercise is as follows. Get on the floor on his knees, put your hands to shoulder height, separate the knees at the same distance, round the back and hold on for a few seconds with his head down. Replace the back straight with the head aligned. This exercise helps relieve back of baby's weight. It is a very suitable position in the phase of expansion at birth, decreasing much back pain. If the pain comes at the end of the back, around the back of the pelvis, you can try some stretches. Lie on your back and bring your knees spread to the shoulders, belly in the middle, stretching well all the vertebrae. Hold the stretch for 15 seconds. You can swing with your weight gently to make a massage on your back. Remember not to be more than a few minutes lying on her back, and be careful to lie down and stand up.

I just had a baby, and I'd like to get my previous figure. When I can start exercising?
It may be that after delivery you wonder why you still have stomach and raise you start exercising as soon as possible to eliminate it. Think of your uterus still has to reduce its size and, if he has taken nine months to become so great, will not shrink from night to day. Breastfeeding your baby helps to shrink before. If you do exercise during pregnancy, you'll feel better soon begin a very smooth workout. Gradually you will be increasing the amount and hardness up to regain your previous level. Always listen to your body, because although the baby is outside your body needs nine months to recover fully. If you notice an increase in vaginal discharge or some type of pain, take it easy and reduces the intensity and duration.

Many doctors will tell you to wait until the sixth week after birth, but others may suggest that, depending on how you are, the sooner you start doing light exercises. Basically depends on whether you have done exercise regularly or not. If you've been exercising almost to the birth, you may be able to immediately start a light stretching routine to go to grow as you meet with encouragement. But if you stopped exercising during pregnancy or you have never done, it is preferable to take it easier. You can start with the exercises recommended for the first six weeks or, if you have passed, consider the years after the first six weeks. Anyway, check with your doctor or midwife, and recalls that the ligaments will still be a bit lax during the first three to five months after delivery.

With the arrival of the baby, can not find time to exercise. Any suggestions?
The time and energy to exercise is very difficult to find when the baby has arrived. But you can always take the baby with you in your daily walk, or have it at your side while doing some exercises. You can even use it as weights!

What are the best exercises after delivery?
The first exercises you can do almost immediately is the Kegel exercises for pelvic floor recovery. Get used to them several times a day for life. Years from now you'll be glad not need to carry pads because of urinary losses.

The abdominal muscles will have been opened to give way to the uterus that contains your baby. It is necessary to wait until they are closed before doing any exercise with them, because you can prevent their recovery. To check, lie on your back with knees bent. Put the fingers of your left hand, palm touching your skin, just above the navel. Inhale through your nose while breathing out through your mouth, raise your head and shoulders off the floor and move your right hand over the thigh to the knee. This move will make the abdominal muscles to contract, so you can note their separation. If you notice three or more fingers between them, need to do the exercises recommended for the first six weeks. When the separation is less, you do abdominal exercises harder.

Avoid exercises that cause pain in your breasts. It is always better to breastfeed your baby before exercising. You'll empty the breasts will be more comfortable exercising. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that the baby prefers milk after about sixty minutes after finishing the exercise which occurs right afterwards. Anyway, as you do not get tired, the baby will not notice the change.

Is there any indication that I'm going through?
If vaginal discharge is excessive or if you have a cesarean section, you must be careful during the first weeks. Check with your doctor or midwife if the flow had stopped and re-occur.

What is the best way to lose weight?
Many mothers want to have the physical aspect prior to pregnancy as soon as possible. Indeed, the period after birth is the best time to lose weight, especially if breastfeeding is being established. Once it finds you well and the baby breastfeed without difficulty, you may consider losing about half a kilo every one to two weeks. Breastfeeding can help you break free of accumulated kilos, precisely because they are there for us to give your baby with your milk. The best approach is to eat healthy and balanced way, doing aerobic exercises like fast walking or swimming, 30 to 50 minutes, three to five days a week. If you do not do any exercise during pregnancy, start gradually increasing the intensity as your body and supports it.

Changes, effects and contraindications of exercise in pregnancy

2010-06-23T10:22:00.000-07:00

Physical changes during pregnancy can do to change your exercise habits

* Breathing: The breathing rate increases, since the body works harder to provide enough oxygen to the baby. Thus, the amount of oxygen available for exercise decreases and can cause shortness of breath and less endurance.
* Musculature: As the abdomen expands to make room for the baby, the lower back is curved and the center of gravity changes of place. This can cause falls, and that the sense of balance is very upset. Thanks to the hormone relaxin, the ligaments are not as tense, leading to sprains and falls. This hormone will allow your pelvis to make greater, facilitating the passage of the baby.
* Metabolism: During pregnancy, your body uses carbohydrates more quickly, in the same way that physical exercise. This can cause low blood sugar during exercise.
* Cardiovascular: Blood volume increases by 40% and about 15 more beats per minute. Thus, nutrients and oxygen are transported to the baby better. But as the load is greater, for example being a long time lying on her back, the flow can be interrupted and cause dizziness.

Effects of exercise that can affect pregnancy

* Cardiovascular: When you exercise, blood is routed to the internal organs to the muscles, lungs and heart, so that they receive more oxygen. Strenuous exercise can cause a lack of oxygen in the uterus, which can cause problems in the baby.
* Neurotransmitters: During the year generated a number of chemicals that reduce depression and make the person feel better. One of the agents increases neurotransmitter produced contraction of the muscles and can cause uterine activity. Not known to induce labor, but in women with certain risk or sensitive, we recommend very gentle exercises.
* Body temperature: Exercise increases body temperature. Due to the risk of malformation due to high fever in the first trimester of pregnancy, it is preferable not to play sports (or take many precautions) when the air temperature is very high. In any case, remember to always drink plenty of fluids.

Complications of pregnancy which may affect the practice of the year

* Anemia: The transport capacity of oxygen in the blood is impaired, so it is likely to be short of breath, and fatigue and dizziness occur. Women with anemia who want to continue with the exercise should take a diet rich in iron, together with vitamin C to increase absorption and possibly a supplement if your doctor has prescribed.
* Contractions: Some women experience cramping during your pregnancy. Although not always imply an early delivery, yes that can increase the risk. If you're one of those women, you should not exercise very hard, but it is preferable to choose softer exercises like yoga, stretching, mild exercise or swimming instead of running, aerobics or dancing.
* Back pain and sciatica: pain is quite common because the distribution of the weight of your body varies and makes your position changes. Weight bearing exercise can increase it and make the ligaments suffer. Again, it is suggested exercises softer, especially swimming for their benefits back.

Contraindications to Exercise During Pregnancy

* Hypertension: Women who have high blood pressure can benefit from regular exercise, but those who develop it during pregnancy should stop practicing. Toxemia, or high blood pressure because of pregnancy, is a major problem in the bloodstream that exercise may aggravate. Check with your doctor about your particular situation.
* Placenta previa or vaginal bleeding: Placenta previa occurs when the placenta grows from the bottom of the uterus and close the opening of the cervix. It can cause vaginal bleeding. It is preferable not to exercise, unless the doctor tells which are right.
* Previous preterm delivery: In cases of previous births before 36 weeks, you should be extremely cautious about exercising during the third trimester of pregnancy. The most suitable are stretching, yoga and soft gymnastics, and walking.
* Intrauterine growth retardation: It is possible that the baby is not growing at a pace that should by low oxygen supply, although there are other causes, such as smoking, drug use, infections and poor blood supply to the placenta . As the exercise gets the blood, and with it the oxygen are diverted to other parts of the body, it is preferable to limit its intensity as the baby can be seriously affected.
* Multiple Pregnancy: Due to the particular risk of such pregnancies, we recommend very gentle exercises such as yoga, swimming, light stretching and gymnastics relaxed.
* Heart problems: Since the amount of blood pumped by the heart is increased by 40%, and physical exercise increases the heart rate, it should only be done under the supervision of a cardiologist or specialist physician.
* Whenever there is vaginal bleeding, have vision loss during exercise (a symptom of preeclampsia), nausea, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, palpitations, swelling of the hands, feet or ankles, or a sudden change in temperature , rest and check with your doctor or midwife.

Exercise during pregnancy

2010-06-23T10:20:00.000-07:00

In the past pregnancy was considered as a disease. In cases where the family finances permitting, the woman was confined to an almost absolute rest. Now, with the existing control techniques, the possibility of exercising during pregnancy, not only is not contraindicated, but is recommended.

First of all, it is essential that you consult with your doctor if the type of exercise you want to do is recommend as your physical condition and the conditions of your pregnancy.

If you already exercise before getting pregnant, check with your coach or doctor of your gym to see if you change any habit or exercise. It is important that the monitor of the class or the caretaker of the facilities (pool, weight room, etc), know that you're pregnant, not only to advise to do the exercise, but also socorrerte if something goes wrong.

Because hormones widen your ligaments and will vary the behavior of your body, do not do the brave. Your body will gradually be the one who was and will have to adapt to it. Ligaments are bands of fibrous tissue and flexible designed to hold the bones together and give them some flexibility. By swell, the security mechanisms offered are not as reliable, so you have to be careful not to overreach.

If not exercise before becoming pregnant, now is the time to start practicing simple exercises and regular. First, determine at what level you are and think about what exercises you like to accomplish. It is best to start with a few short sessions to gradually increase its frequency and duration.
Benefits of exercise

The benefits of exercising during pregnancy are many:

* Increase self-esteem minimizing depression and anxiety
* Helps maintain a rate of adequate weight gain
* Reduces discomfort associated with pregnancy weight gain and volume, reduced coordination, apathy
* Reduce the possibility of caesarean section
* The recovery is faster delivery
* It speeds up the recovery of pre-pregnancy weight
* Increase your energy levels and wellbeing
* Improves sleep quality
* Help prepare for the marathon of labor

Important Considerations

You should bear in mind the following considerations when exercising when you're pregnant:

- Check with your doctor. At the first visit after learning that you're pregnant, your doctor will have performed a series of checks. Consult believes what type of exercise is more in line according to your current constitution and what is most recommended for the future.
- Dress for the occasion. At first, the clothes you wore will be alright, but as the waist extension is convenient to buy a special sports trousers for pregnant women, and big shirts. If you plan to swim, a bathing suit for pregnant is essential. Use an appropriate subject for the breasts that will grow. Footwear is also important, especially in late pregnancy when your legs and feet swell.
- Consider the exercise as a more routine in your life. Remember, it is very important to prepare for the last heavy months for the marathon of labor. The fitter you are during the first two quarters, more manageable will be the last, delivery and recovery.
- Be especially careful with the messages your body sends you. This is changing, and an exercise that was common two days ago, today can be dangerous.
- Drink lots of fluids before and during exercise, and make frequent stops.
- Avoid exercising when the ambient temperature is high and high humidity.
- Make stretching and warming at the beginning and end of the session, paying particular attention to the linkage.
- During the last two quarters, it avoids a long time to be lying on your back, and which can decrease blood flow to your baby.
- When getting up from a lying position, do it in stages. First get on your side, then lean on the elbow and hand the other side to withstand the weight of your body. Merge of both hands helping to the seated position and once so, put both feet on the ground, hands on knees, get up slowly.
- Measure the beat of your heart. Count them for ten seconds and multiply by six. They should not go from 150 per minute, or what is the same, 25 every 10 seconds.
- Do not lift weights too large.
- Never get tired to get out of breath. You should be able to have a normal conversation at all times. He thinks that if you lose your breath, the baby for a while that does not receive enough oxygen.

The preparation for pregnancy

2010-06-23T10:18:00.000-07:00

If a couple has decided to start a family, it seems that the next step is easy. In most cases yes, but in many other pregnancy is delayed. The wait makes every attempt is alive with nervousness, and sometimes can give the impression that it is the same nervousness that makes the happy event does not occur.

If pregnancy is planned with care, will be much richer and the responsibility of the new baby will be more pleasant. As a consequence, you may do not be negative feelings regarding the problems that may occur during pregnancy and sometimes so hard burden of parenting a new baby.

There are several things to consider when the decision has been taken or are expected to take it soon. Some of them can be changed on the fly, but sometimes it is better to set before you start.

Conception occurs about two weeks before the waiting period (not come). This means that you may not know you're pregnant until you're already at least three weeks. It is during the first eight weeks after fertilization when the baby is more delicate. So whatever you do can affect you without your knowledge. Therefore, it is best to begin to take care as if you were pregnant before they really are.

One of the first things you can do is visit your doctor. Your doctor:

* Consider your history to see if there is any possibility of diabetes, high blood pressure or a family genetic problem.
* It will take the tension to keep in mind if you can develop preeclampsia.
* You can Explorart to make sure everything is in order (uterus, ovaries and cervix).
* You ask for a urinalysis and complete blood with which verify several things: the existence of urinary tract infection or diabetes, as well as your blood type and group (and your partner also to see if there is any incompatibility).
* Hypothyroidism can cause a defect in the baby and future problems of breastfeeding.
* If the woman has had or will have contact with cats and their feces, it is best to check your blood detects antibodies to toxoplasmosis to know that she is infected during pregnancy, seriously affecting the baby.
* It is also important to assess whether there has been a rubella and, if not, whether to be vaccinated before pregnancy, and to pass this disease during pregnancy can cause abortion.
* It would also be prudent to get vaccinated for tetanus, but before these vaccines is always advisable to decide whether it is worth it or take the risk. It is a personal decision.

See your doctor if you take any special medication you can not quit during pregnancy, especially if medications are associated with asthma, epilepsy, thyroid or migraine. Some drugs can be taken without any problems.

It is also interesting to visit the dentist. During pregnancy, some women have very sensitive gums, so the dentist can perform a dental cleaning in depth to allow the teeth ready for the coming months.

If physical fitness is not the most appropriate (overweight, sedentary lifestyle, etc), would be useful to a healthy diet and try to lose some weight and especially exercise. Nothing strenuous, just get a little fit. They say that giving birth is like a marathon, so you have several months to prepare, because the event can delay or advance, but will not cancel! The sooner you start, the better you will find more livable you make pregnancy and childbirth. Walking an hour a day, and activities such as swimming, gymnastics and yoga are highly recommended.

Reduce the number of alcoholic beverages to take nothing. Coffee and other caffeinated drinks should be reduced from your diet, but not necessarily eliminate them. Now is the best time to quit and give up any other drug. Do not leave it for when you get pregnant. Think about that when you know you are pregnant, as will a few weeks you are. Imagine your baby with a cigarette in his mouth when you feel like a bit of smoke. Oh, and your spouse also must stop smoking!

Avoid steam baths or hot tubs. In the first quarter, a change in body temperature may be the cause of malformations in the baby, and even abortion.

A few months before the baby start looking is interesting to take folic acid, as it is shown that minimizing the risk of spina bifida, even if there were previous cases. You need to take about 0.4 mg or 400 micrograms per day. Foods rich in vitamin B are the juices of citrus fruits, dark leafy green vegetables, legumes, asparagus, peas, broccoli and cereals. But keep in mind that you should not take more than a thousand micrograms a day because it could mask an anemia.

The choice of whether pregnancy and childbirth will be under the control of a private or public must also be taken several months earlier. In some cases, private mutual do not take care of all expenses. Thus, even then may change their minds, it is always preferable to choose a mutual to allow the change if in doubt, with proper choice of doctors and hospitals, or public trust in medicine and supplement it with private support, as a doula.

During the months prior to pregnancy may be interesting to try to better understand female fertility. So, knowing which days a woman is most fertile, you can prevent pregnancy and promote it when the couple decides that it is time.

Most family planning methods are focused on preventing unwanted pregnancy, but few seek help. The sympto-thermal method allows nerves to know better and avoid unnecessary, since we have more certainty about when the time is right to find the baby wanted. Even some authors claim that can even choose the sex of the baby as when performing intercourse.

Françoise Soler was the person who introduced this method in Spain, Barcelona forming a Coordinating Association for the dissemination of Natural Family Planning (ACODIPLAN). She is the author of a book very enlightening on the subject. Anyway, you should check with an expert or an NGO to verify that it follows the method correctly.

We found several interesting links in Spanish on this topic can consult.

The womb, our first home

2010-06-23T10:16:00.000-07:00

When we measure the life of a person we consider the day of his birth. However, we exist as an independent being from the moment of conception. This method of recording our age is the idea that fund during the roughly nine months does a pregnancy, intrauterine baby is a kind of benign tumor that grows inside the mother and eventually be expelled to a greater or less effort. And this, that many of us may seem unbelievable, is still accepted today, considering the gestation and birth as a disease over the most wonderful experiences, without taking any account of the emotional needs mother and infant, much less what they represent in the future of the people.

The intrauterine baby, the 3 / 4 months, all organs have formed, pending further growth and finishing, and 6 / 7 months can survive if born prematurely. He is a being in training at all levels. At the physiological level, we are all clear that the fantastic and incredible process of cell division to become two cells, initial (egg and sperm) in a very complex body, both in material, mental, emotional and spiritual, any small deviation this process will have consequences on the future body of the baby, more or less severe as that ruling. Then the same happens with the process of psycho-emotional development, starting from the moment of conception. And speaking of psycho-emotional development is to mention that intrauterine baby can receive, process, store and respond to information it receives.

Channels intrauterine infant perception
Why the baby receives information channels intrauterine? We raise three channels of perception:

1. The inherent sensing organs that develop throughout gestation: hearing, touch, taste, smell.

2. Through the maternal blood the baby receives through the umbilical cord, which contains substances as neurotransmitters or hormones, producing a baby the same reactions in the mother. For example, one of stress hormones, adrenaline, that the mother produces increased heart rate, blood pressure, tension, anxiety, etc. produces exactly the same in the baby. Or the other endorphins, which in the mother produce peace, welfare, peace, etc.. and behave in the same way the baby.

3. The most subtle of the channels, which allows the baby to perceive what he thinks, what he feels his mother is a channel called "Extrasensory Perception" because it is outside the channels of perception that give the sense organs or physiology. We could also call it, from the perspective of the different energies that make up the human body, "Perception Energy" because it is able to perceive the energies of thoughts and feelings.

The evolution of perception
After seeing these channels of information, which give the baby a big and undeniable intrauterine perceptual abilities, we can ask ourselves how it processes that information, what color is the glass that filters out all that information, making it yours, do you feel?

From conception to the more or less, two years after birth, the perception might call it "purely" emotional and, from that age, pre-verbal, where the child begins (Ojo! Starts) the development of rational perception abilities. It is clearly not the same to speak of a baby three months, one year, two, three, four, etc. The difference is in the development of their perceptual abilities and life experiences (learning), including pregnancy and birth.

Emotional Perception-subjective, holistic, intuitive, images, emotionally, is the opposite of rational perception-based objective structured the trial, contrast, logic, reason, "that prevails in the adult. Emotional Perception is subjective, ie inland, making any emotional impact that gets the baby or children will, either rewarding or traumatic, it is their own.

This is a fundamental concept for understanding how the baby "in utero and at birth, and children" feel. " In order to understand how they perceive, process and store information. To understand what the baby and the child needs for balance and harmony.

But in the end, how important are pregnancy, birth and the first years after we did not even remember what happened in those times? For not only are important, but essential to the future of people.

The phenomenon of analogy
In pregnancy, birth and early childhood period is character, the most profound way we are. Are also recorded all of our emotional experiences.

"Analogy" means "a relation of similarity between two similar things." An example of analogical perception is that which occurs when the smell of incense, we are pictures of our trip to India or when we hear a particular song in mind that showing images of romantic first dance. The process is automatic, unconscious. The same happens with the traumatic emotional impacts are stored along with the circumstances surrounding it. They are retarded depth charges, hidden from the conscious mind, ready to erupt in situations "analogous" similar throughout our lives.

It is constructing a "Biography Hidden ', with emotional burdens beneficial or harmful, depending on the sign and intensity of impacts. As adults, similar situations (like or similar), you can pop one of those negative emotional charges, becoming a Pathology Update or symptoms.

Logically, this baby's emotional perception, and children, this finding of the impact on their present and future requires us to rethink aspects of pregnancy, birth and early childhood education.

Gestation
What feels the mother feels her baby. And we have seen how he feels, how it is processed, how it affects you now and in the future. What can we do to make the baby feel happy, accepted, protected, desired, loved?

First, the mother should try to be as long as possible in a state of tranquility, peace, relaxation. Secondly, communication has to maintain a strong, constant, with your baby through his thoughts, his hands on the belly. This tool is also a great relaxation and visualization. When we go into deep relaxation, we reach the emotional perception, which is the perception that the baby is. It is as if we were moving the radio dial to find the frequency of the station you want to hear. Tune with our baby and an incredible communication occurs between mother and baby and vice versa.

The mother should try to avoid negative emotional states like sadness, worry intense fear, anxiety and the continued state of stress. Should be reconsidered, given the above, everything about the working environment of the pregnant woman. Today is not only supportive, but in many occasions the discrimination. Lack understanding of what is the gestation for the mother, physiological changes, their greater sensitivity, the need for quiet, to feel respected, supported in the process. Many pregnant women suffer stress during pregnancy because they require the same dedication and effort, or even more, that if they were not. There are enough studies that show the negative effect of stress on infant development. The risk of babies whose mothers have suffered stress during pregnancy are hyperactive, have motor problems and attention deficit is much higher than for babies of stressed mothers.

The feelings and moods of mothers are related to hormones and neurotransmitters that travel through the bloodstream through the placenta, reach the developing brain of the unborn baby. Prolonged exposure to stress hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol, show the developing brain to react according to the mode of "flight or fight 'throughout life, even improper. Moreover, the efforts of the mother in the love and joy, fills the same endorphins developing brain and neurohormones "positive", such as oxytocin, which promotes a sustained sense of well being.

Emotions and even thoughts of a mother directly affect the "configuration" of the mind. Having a child is the most wonderful experience and worth living in all its intensity, with all our senses open, with all its emotional charge, and from pregnancy.

The role of the father during pregnancy
The parent can and should be more than a mere spectator in the pregnancy of his partner. It has two important functions. The first, knowing that the mother needs a balanced emotional state, you should make effort to make your partner feel loved, together, understood, supported, in the process of pregnancy (including fulfillment of the traditional cravings). The second, the onset of the affective bond with your child, putting their hands in the womb, talking, singing, playing with him. It has been found that if the father has established this relationship with your child during pregnancy, the baby born recognizes her voice from that of other men, reacts with pleasure in his arms, sit quietly with him. For its part, the father, shows a very emotional parental instinct than others, so far, to take her baby for the first time, had not real aware of his paternity.

Stress during pregnancy can affect the baby?

2010-06-23T10:13:00.000-07:00

Stress during pregnancy can affect the baby?

Says Michel Odent, the renowned French obstetrician, that the main concern of those around them or care for a pregnant woman should be to ensure their emotional wellbeing.

And is that, with advancing knowledge of physiology of pregnancy, also increases the certainty that the mother's emotional state is crucial for the development of fetal infant and even for future health.

Over recent years, several studies have been pointing out that severe stress during pregnancy, for example by a high pressure at work, abuse in relationships, life events like death of a close family member, or even rejection of an unwanted pregnancy may have a major impact, as we will.

Does this mean that mothers are responsible to suffer stress and transmission to their babies? No way. The most common is that pregnant women can not do anything to change their situation or experiences that suffers. Should a woman feel guilty for being fired while pregnant (if it is even possible that the cause of dismissal is the pregnancy itself)? Should accuse itself to suffer for the death of a beloved family?

Of course not. At best, we may be aware, before pregnancy, the importance of well-being. Perhaps some women can improve our way of life to enjoy peace of mind during pregnancy. Many do not have that luck. Therefore, it is rather the society as a whole that should become aware of the need to protect and ensure the emotional well-being of pregnant women. For them and their children.

Preterm birth and low birth weight

One consequence of severe maternal stress that have been brought more insistent during the last decade is the increased incidence of preterm birth and low birth weight. The studies on this subject are so numerous that there have been several review articles summarizing the accumulated knowledge to date. In general, the hypothesis that handle the researchers is that high levels of stress hormones associated with depression and anxiety, such as cortisol, can reduce blood supply to the placenta and induce premature labor.

A new study to be published in the August 2009 issue of American Journal of Public Health shows that hard work or a work day more than 32 hours per week in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with low birthweight birth and increased risk of giving birth to a baby small for gestational age. The study was conducted in Amsterdam (Netherlands), using a completed questionnaire to 8266 women, about their working conditions.

Although it is common for pregnant women to reduce or interrupt their working day at the end of gestation, the results of this study suggest that reducing working hours in the early months of pregnancy may be beneficial for women with stressful jobs full time.

Prenatal stress and fetal death

Moreover, recently in Denmark studied the impact of psychological stress on the risk of stillbirth. Researchers have collected data of 19 282 pregnancy with one baby, and maternal stress have been measured at 30 weeks of gestation using a standard questionnaire on mental health.

Fetal death (after 28 weeks of gestation) occurred in 66 pregnancies (0.34% of all pregnancies). Women with high stress levels had a 80% increased risk compared with women with intermediate levels of stress. That is, if it occurred in 0.34% of total pregnancies in the case of women with high stress levels occurred in 0.61%. As can be seen, the incidence remains very small and should not be a source of anxiety for pregnant mothers suffering from stress and suffering for it, but it is significant: something happens to stress during pregnancy, and should not be minimize their potential impact.

The study took into account the possible influence of factors such as maternal age, number of children, the BMI of the mother before pregnancy, consumption of snuff, alcohol, coffee, marital status, and level of education without none of these factors altered the results. Neither changed the results by excluding women with pregnancy complications (diabetes, hypertension, vaginal bleeding).

This is the first study that has examined the effects of prenatal stress on the risk of fetal death, and indicates that high levels of stress are associated with nearly twice the risk of stillbirth. The authors believe that stress, depression and anxiety are associated with high levels of stress hormones such as catecholamines. In animal studies, has been that elevated levels of catecholamines coincide with a reduction of blood flow to the placenta and fetal asphyxia. Although some habits, such as snuff consumption may increase the risk of fetal death, and are more common in women who are experiencing stress, the researchers were careful to control this variable, without any evidence that would affect study results.

Neurodevelopmental

Gene deregulation, destruction of brain cells and synapses (connections between neurons), inhibition of dendritic development, improper development of the corpus callosum and cerebellum are some of the mechanisms by which maternal stress affects the fetal neurological development. Exposure to high levels of prenatal stress, especially during the first weeks of pregnancy can adversely affect fetal brain development, determining alterations in the development of intellectual and language skills in children.

In 2004, in effect, a group of Canadian researchers published the results of a study initiated in 1998, following an ice storm in Quebec. This natural disaster exposed a large number of pregnant women to a high stress, and the researchers could track such pregnancies and the subsequent development of children up to 2 years of age. This found that the more severe was the level of prenatal stress, the lower the development of intellectual and language skills of children at 2 years, especially if stress exposure had occurred in the early stages of pregnancy.

More recently, in March 2007 a team from the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London (8) (9) published a review of a set of studies are showing that if a mother is stressed during pregnancy, more likely that your baby is emotional or cognitive problems (such as risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and delayed language development), irrespective of the effects of maternal postnatal depression or anxiety. The researchers acknowledged not knowing yet what forms of maternal stress or anxiety are the most harmful, but suggested that the relationship with your spouse can be important in this regard. They also pointed out that the extent of these effects is clinically significant because 15% of emotional or behavioral problems are due to prenatal stress or anxiety.

Axis activity hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA axis, what is?) And the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is under the influence of stress, through blood cortisol levels. The fetal environment may be altered if stress alters maternal hormonal profile, and we know that there is a direct relationship between levels of maternal and fetal cortisol.

However, still not completely understood the mechanisms involved in this interaction. For example, maternal cortisol response to stress is reduced throughout gestation and during early pregnancy, the connection between maternal and fetal cortisol is not as strong. It is possible that the effects of maternal stress and anxiety in the development of the fetus and the baby might be mitigated by other factors such as nutrition during pregnancy. It has been suggested that a state of hypervigilance or anxiety, or intense activity of the HPA axis may be an adaptive response to environmental stress during development, but persists in the form of vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Other research suggests that prenatal exposure to stress may increase the risk of autism (10). Apparently, there is evidence in both animals and humans that prenatal stress can cause abnormal behavior after the birth to coincide with the symptoms of autism, and other abnormalities that are present in autism, such as learning deficits, seizure disorders , perinatal complications, abnormal immune and neuroinflammatory and postnatal low tolerance to stress in children.

Congenital disorders
Mothers who suffer severe stressful life events during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk up to eight times that the baby suffered birth defects due to an alteration of neural crest development, such as cleft lip or heart disease, according to a Danish researchers led by Dorthe Hansen (11).

However, the overall risk of having a baby with these conditions is low. Even women who had suffered while pregnant life events as serious as the death of another son had a very low risk that her baby had such birth defects. The study, published in 2000 in the prestigious medical journal Lancet, congenital disorders affecting about 0.65% of all pregnancies, compared to 1.18% of pregnancies in women under extreme stress.

As the stress not only affects the nervous system but also the cardiovascular, hormonal and immune, there is good reason to suspect that severe emotional stress (especially during the first trimester of pregnancy when many organs are forming), could cause birth defects, explain Dorthe Hansen and his team.

The researchers examined the medical records of 3,500 women who had been exposed during pregnancy to situations of extreme stress, because their partners or other children had been diagnosed with cancer, had suffered a heart attack or had died. They then compared the number of babies born with birth defects with the number of births of a control group of 20,000 women who had been exposed to these events.

Babies born to women who had suffered serious experiences during the first trimester of pregnancy were more likely to have defects in neural crest cell structure that is believed to contribute to the development of the head and face, and palate, teeth , nose, parts of the eyes, ears, throat and even the skull. These are precisely the structures have been associated with more stressful events during pregnancy.

Women who had suffered the loss of another child during the first trimester of pregnancy were those who were more likely to have babies with these defects, up to five times more likely to cleft lip and heart defects, and if death of the eldest son was sudden, up to eight times more. In contrast, the probability was not as high if the event serious had happened before pregnancy or in the second or third trimester. There was no relationship between birth defects and experiences such as death or serious illness of a partner during pregnancy. Nor was he relationship between severe stress and other types of birth defects.

Behavioral changes: the hypothesis of fetal programming

More than 14,000 women in the British county of Avon, pregnant between 1991 and 1992, have participated to date, along with their children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), also known as "Children of the 90's." This follow-up study, the most important thing has been done so far by its magnitude, has confirmed the lasting effect that has anxiety during pregnancy on child development. According to the ALSPAC, children of mothers with anxiety at 32 weeks gestation showed severe behavioral problems during childhood, increasing by 60% the risk of severe problems. Prenatal maternal anxiety was associated with attention deficit hyperactivity at 4 years (which did not happen with the children of mothers who suffered postnatal depression) (12). At 6 and 7 years, children of mothers who had had anxiety in the third quarter continued to show more behavioral problems and emotional disturbances (13).

We also found that the effect of maternal anxiety is different at different times of pregnancy, for example, high levels of maternal anxiety at week 18 was associated with a higher percentage of left handedness or problems.

In another prospective study it was found that upon reaching adolescence, children of mothers who had suffered anxiety in the first half of pregnancy had higher impulsivity and lower IQ.

Why are these behavioral changes? Some researchers try to explain some of the effects of prenatal stress from the fetal programming hypothesis. It is a difficult concept to explain: not given by genetics, which is set before being conceived, nor by the habits of life during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. The fetal programming occurs in between these two periods, during our gestation in the womb.

The hypothesis of fetal programming or Barker hypothesis (the first researcher to point this item) (15) states that the structure and function of various organs and tissues are "programmed" or permanently altered in response to certain stimuli or attacks during critical periods of fetal development. Thus, for example, small size at birth or in childhood is associated with increased susceptibility to adverse effects in adulthood (cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, etc.).

When the mother has to face major hazards (which produce severe stress), the baby is scheduled to be born into a world full of dangers. The state of hypervigilance, characterized by rapid changes in child care could be an adaptive response in an environment fraught with danger. In our culture, where great importance to the ability of concentration and attention, this hypervigilance is not necessary and is seen as a problem, not an advantage.

Pregnancy in a healthy environment

2010-06-23T10:10:00.000-07:00

Every day we come into contact with a multitude of substances or factors that may adversely affect our health and our children. In fact, our environment can leave its mark long before conception. And not only the environment of the mother but also the father of the future.

Exposure to certain substances or agents with a potential risk for reproduction (eg, physical stress, noise, radiation or stress), which are common especially in the workplace can lower our fertility, and even cause difficulties during adverse effects on pregnancy or fetal health. Factors such as stress can change the sexual instincts of men or women, for example by reducing the libido, while certain chemicals or ionizing radiation can damage the eggs or sperm, modify the genetic material contained in them, and even cause cancer or other disease in male and female reproductive organs. Our concern for a healthy pregnancy should begin, then, long before conception.

Fortunately, most babies are born healthy and with the prospect of a long life full of health, but as parents our concern is to provide the greatest potential to make this happen. We can make choices and changes in our lifestyle, if possible even before pregnancy to improve our own health and create a healthier environment for our future family.

The air we breathe

In recent years an increasing interest in studying how it could influence prenatal exposure to air pollution on the health of the newborn. The WHO report "Effects of air pollution on health and child development" (2005) recognized the relationship of air pollution by certain particles in suspension with breathing difficulties during the postnatal period. In addition, the air we breathe at home or in our workplace can collect particles of different products such as cleaners, insecticides, air fresheners, candle smoke, dust or paint.

We can minimize the effects of our daily exposure to air pollution if we develop some activities in a natural environment. Often enjoy hiking or walking in the midst of nature, far from urban enclaves and fields where they have used pesticides or other chemicals, improve our fitness, our mood, and allow us to enjoy at least for a few hours healthier air.

At home or in our workplace, we can improve the air we breathe with such simple measures how are you:

- Open windows and ventilate with some frequency, especially at times when we do not have much traffic. The fresh air will help dilute the smoke and possible volatile chemicals generated by the use of cleaning products, paint, and others.

- Clean the dust at least once a week with a damp cloth. The powder is a combination of chemical and biological regularly and remove carpets, fabrics and wood improve the quality of air we breathe.

- Wash pillows, blankets, sheets, quilts, etc. regularly.

- Use a dehumidifier in very humid areas or housing to prevent mold contamination.

- Check frequently gas installations, bad combustion can generate carbon monoxide. This gas is also produced in burning coal, wood and engines.

- Prevent the effects of passive smoking: do not let anyone smoke inside your home, and avoid smoky environments of snuff.

- Place plants, and if it is possible to plant trees, improve air quality both inside and outside the home or workplace.

We are what we eat

When planning a pregnancy, and of course once pregnant, it is important to think a bit on what we eat. Unfortunately, some foods contain environmental contaminants such as mercury or other persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs accumulate especially in the fatty tissues of living beings, and remain in the environment for long. Therefore, foods rich in animal fat are more likely to contain harmful substances. Some of them stored in our bodies can pass through the placenta during pregnancy. Others may damage sperm quality. Mercury, for example, often focuses on fish, is highly toxic to the developing brain and nervous system of the baby.

Much we can do to suppress these pollutants in our environment, since the magnitude of the problem exceeds our actions as individuals and is the responsibility of governments and health policy, but what we can do is try to minimize our exposure to these substances, adapting our eating habits:

- Choose the fish you eat. The fish itself is a healthy food, rich in omega 3 fatty acids essential for the development of unborn baby's neurological system. But at the same time, the most common form of contact with mercury is ingestion of contaminated fish. To enjoy the benefits of eating fish and at the same time, reduce exposure to mercury, couples planning a pregnancy, pregnant women and infants and children should limit consumption of fish with the highest mercury content, such as such as swordfish, fresh tuna steak or shark and choose varieties with lower mercury content, such as canned light tuna, fresh salmon, hake, cod, sardines, herring, anchovies, clams and white fish, which can eaten without limitation. On the other hand, we can get a good supply of omega-3 fatty acids from plant foods such as cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts, tofu and nuts.

- Remove the fat from meat and avoid eating the skin of fish and chicken.

- Cook meat fish and poultry grilled or baked, as this will eliminate fat.

- Eat more vegetables rich in protein such as beans and pulses, vegetable oil and use olive or sunflower. Are foods low in fat and contain less persistent organic pollutants.

- Wash and peel fruits and verturas non-organic to reduce exposure to pesticides used for cultivation.

- Use dishes and glass or ceramic containers for heating in the microwave instead of plastic containers or films that when heated can pass toxic substances into the food.

- Check your tap water. If you live in a building built before 1978, see if the pipes are lead, because lead exposure is associated with an increased risk of abortion and may be harmful to the health of future children. If pipes are old, you are advised to run water before using and not using hot tap water for drinking or cooking. Also, to minimize exposure to lead, it is important to maintain a balanced diet rich in vegetables and minerals, calcium, iron and vitamin C hinder the absorption of the metal.

Chemicals in our daily

Many cleaning products, hygiene and cosmetics we use in day to day can contain substances whose safety and impact on the health of pregnant women and children has not been sufficiently studied. Many of them are easily preventable and can be replaced by more environmentally friendly non-toxic to our health and the environment.

- Avoid using mothballs, insecticidal collars or pesticides at home or in the garden.

- Find non-toxic cleaners, or makes your own. You can make a good wood polish by mixing one part lemon juice with two parts vegetable oil. The water with sodium bicarbonate is a good product to clean the kitchen or bathroom.

- Avoid dry cleaning. Dry cleaners are made from chemicals that remain in the tissue can be absorbed through the skin. It is preferable to use a mild soap and hand wash or dry cleaner to find a free, no solvents.

- Use care products and cosmetics from natural ingredients. Many common products for personal hygiene are absorbed through the skin and can contain harmful chemicals such as phthalate, endocrine disruptor that can alter the hormonal balance at doses generally well below exposure limits established by law.

Preparing the nest

Many families move house or carry out reforms to bring home a new member. However, it is possible that such reforms generated toxic, so that couples who are planning pregnancy, pregnant women or young children should not remain in the property until the completion of reforms and the house has been cleaned and ventilated completely. If you have no choice but to stay home during construction, can be a good idea to keep well away from housing areas and construction.

- Avoid using glues and solvents. If possible, hire a professional to perform these tasks, and stay at home of a relative or friend, or even a hotel, until they finish the work.

- Avoid sanding the old paint from the walls. When sanding, a dust that can be harmful to health, especially if the house was built before 1978, when paint contained significant amounts of lead.

- Look for safer materials for construction, non-toxic glues and paints green.

Only a small fraction of the tens of thousands of chemicals in our everyday environment have been adequately evaluated for their impact on reproduction. It would be impossible to enumerate in a limited space all that variety of substances, to know that the Institute of Work, Environment and Health (ISTAS) maintains the database RISCTOX on hazardous substances, with clear and updated information on health risks and environmental chemicals may be present in the products handled or generated in your environment. A quick consultation RISCTOX can clear many doubts.

An action plan

One day

Every day we are exposed to certain chemicals or hazardous substances. It is important to detect these products and try to minimize contact with them. Whether you are male or female, if you are planning a pregnancy you may consider some questions and establish your own plan of action.

"I can completely avoid a dangerous product?

I can do the same thing without using that product?

Can you make this task a person who is not planning a pregnancy?

I can organize my home, my workplace or my leisure activities otherwise to avoid contact with this product?

What I can do not to enter the house a risk associated with my workplace and not to expose my partner?

If I can not avoid an unsafe product, "I can limit the problem?

I can protect myself with any special equipment?

I can use a smaller amount of the product?

In the work environment

In some workplace exposures occur at different chemical, physical, biological and / or psychosocial factors that are potential reproductive risk.

The Health and Safety Act protects employees of reproductive rights before conception and the health of workers and their offspring during pregnancy and postpartum.

If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy and conditions of your job puden adversely affect your health or the future baby, you can request an adjustment of the conditions or working time, or the transition to a free workplace risk. If this is not possible, ie if the company has no job without risk, or if you are an independent worker exposed to risks to the pregnancy, you ask Social Security to suspend the contract and the economic benefit risk during pregnancy.

Diet and pregnancy: the importance of folic acid

2010-06-23T10:06:00.000-07:00

Preparing to host a baby

Long-awaited moment arrived, perhaps imagined since we can remember: we have decided to become mothers. In a period of much excitement, before conception is important to prepare the body to hold our baby. Apart from avoiding harmful habits like smoking, is reliant on certain nutrients that, if we are not watching our diet, may not be present in our daily diet.

For many women, pregnancy is a good time to start eating healthily and to incorporate good habits that keep for the rest of his life. While the common image of the pregnant hungry all-devouring, in most cases only need 300 extra calories a day to keep the baby (although the needs may vary). The challenge is to incorporate those calories by choosing foods wisely afforded by the required amounts of each food group are better for mother and baby.

The choice of foods that can make a difference in our health can be the first mime that we do to our baby. "Eating for two" does not have to be eating twice, but a responsible act, and entertaining, why not.

Before pregnancy

One of the most important nutrients during pregnancy are folic acid, or its variant in the form of medication, folic acid. Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is present in green leafy vegetables like spinach or lettuce, legumes such as beans, seeds of sunflower and in yeast, among others. Also found in fortified foods and dietary supplements.

His greatest beneficial effect associated with pregnancy is that it prevents birth defects, especially those of the spine (spina bifida) and brain (anencephaly), called neural tube defects. Other malformations that are preventable and cleft lip and palate. How are you malformations usually develop about 28 days after conception, before many women realize that it will become mothers, it is desirable to have good stocks of folic acid before becoming pregnant. Three months before you start looking for the baby is a good time to start worrying about folate or folic acid.

In addition, a recent study suggests that taking folic acid before conception is associated with a reduction of between 50 and 70% in the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth. And the risk of spontaneous preterm birth is inversely proportional to the duration of folic acid supplementation before conception (ie the longer the supplementation with folic acid, less likely to have premature delivery).

A diet rich in folate

The folate RDA for an adult is about 400 micrograms. This amount is achieved by the food intake among them brewer's yeast, cereals in general, some vegetables such as cabbage, spinach or chard. To achieve the necessary folate, it would take take, for example, 10 g yeast, 200 g of grain or beef liver, or 300 g of spinach. Being somewhat high quantities, it is important to try to eat these foods in the best conditions, avoiding as far as possible the loss of folate during processing, storage or cooking of food.

In fact, the storage conditions or cooking of food can destroy some of their nutrients. Excessive exposure to light can make these foods lose more than 60% of the folate they contain. Moreover, being a water soluble vitamin, cooking can make the water pass folate, so that foods lose nutrients. The high temperatures increase the water solubility, so that losses can exceed 40%. To reduce the loss of vitamins, is recommended to cook vegetables steamed or boiled with water and consume too little cooking water.

Given the importance of folate during pregnancy in preventing serious birth defects, and because sometimes eating habits may be insufficient to ensure a optimal amounts of folic acid is usually recommended to women planning pregnancy take a vitamin supplement folic acid, at least three months before trying to conceive.

Good to know that certain medications can impair the absorption of folate or folic acid, and do we need a greater contribution. It may occur in some people taking commonly analgesics (acetylsalicylic acid-aspirin), antacids, cortisone, or birth control, among other drugs. For women planning a pregnancy, and who have been taking contraceptives for a prolonged period, you may want to worry a bit more to eat adequate amounts of folate, and consult your doctor about the advisability of taking vitamin supplements folic acid.

However, despite all the benefits attributed to folic acid, all is not rosy: foods fortified with folic acid is a matter of controversy, since there is no agreement on the amounts of the micronutrient that should contain, and also potential adverse effects are discovered. Thus, a study by Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center (United States) suggests that, unlike what was believed until now, folic acid supplementation may aggravate the risk of tumors colorectal benign. Something to keep in mind is that as we discover the benefits of folic acid supplementation may also know their disadvantages if consumed in high doses or for prolonged periods.

Folic acid supplementation and childhood asthma

2010-06-23T10:05:00.000-07:00

A team of Australian researchers has identified a relationship between allergic asthma in children 3-5 years of age and exposure to folic acid taking their mothers in the form of supplements in late pregnancy. The invetigadores warn that the time of pregnancy who take these supplements can be very important and should be taken into account when recommending them.

This study has been conducted under the direction of Dr. Michael Davies, Associate Professor, Research Center for the Origins of Health and Disease, Institute Robins of the University of Adelaide (Australia) and has published online the November 15, 2009 in the American Journal of Epidemiology.

In many countries (for Spain) public health recommendations often advise pregnant women to supplement their diet with 400 micrograms of folic acid per day, at least from the month before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy, to reduce the risk of neural tube defects of the baby, which can become very serious (anencephaly, spina bifida).

However, the commonly accepted idea that folic acid supplements can only provide benefits have been questioned in recent studies with mice and children, showing that the intake of folic acid supplements during pregnancy has adverse health effects baby's breathing. Thus, a recent comprehensive study conducted in Norway 32 077 children indicated that folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is associated with breathing difficulties and infections of the lower respiratory tract (see ha · berg SE, London SJ, Stigum H, et al. Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and early childhood respiratory health. Arch Dis Child. 2009, 94 (3) :180-184.)

Dr. Michael Davies has said that his study supports the official recommendations for the prevention of neural tube defects, because they saw no increased risk of asthma when folic acid supplements were taken only before pregnancy or during the first quarter. "Our findings show that there is a critical period, which can be very important, during which the dose of folic acid supplements can be adjusted to optimize neuroprotective effect without increasing the risk of asthma."

"In our study, we found that folic acid supplementation during late pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma, but there was no evidence for unexpected side effects if taken in early pregnancy," added Davies.

The authors conclude: "These findings on childhood asthma are consistent with previous observations that folic acid supplementation during pregnancy leads to a phenotype of allergic asthma in mice by epigenetic mechanisms, which is associated with worse respiratory outcomes in young children. "

The authors say their study may help understand why childhood asthma is increasing in developed countries in recent decades.

"The official recommendations for folic acid should enlarge to include the warning to avoid the use of high dose folic acid supplements in the last months of pregnancy," added Davies.

He stressed that they found no evidence that asthma had no relation to the folate found naturally in foods like green leafy vegetables and some fruits and nuts.

The groups of mothers are able to reduce neonatal mortality

2010-06-23T10:04:00.000-07:00

Community groups of women have achieved a remarkable reduction in mortality rates in some of the poorest areas of India, according to a study published in the journal Lancet and presented by Dr. Anthony Costello in Congress on Labor Interatlântico and Primal Health Research, held in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria from 26 to February 28, 2010. In addition, support groups of mothers provided a significant reduction of maternal depression and improve women's ability to make decisions.

Each year about 4 million children die worldwide during the first month of life. Less than one quarter of the 68 countries that focused on the Millennium Development Goals of the UN (reducing child mortality below 5 years of age in two thirds by 2015) are on track to achieve that objective.

An earlier study conducted in Nepal and published in Lancet in 2004, noted that participatory groups of women could achieve a significant impact on neonatal health in the poorest countries, much more than individual contact with a healthcare professional. In this project, found a reduction of neonatal mortality of around one third.

To see if these findings could be applied to other countries, the researchers repeated the performance in Jharkhand and Orissa, two of the poorest states of India. Dying in these regions, respectively, 49 and 45 babies per 1000 live births, neonatal mortality rates well above the average in India, estimated at 39 per 1000 live births. As a basis for comparison, in Britain the rate is 4 per 1000 births.

Between 2005 and 2008, a team of researchers led by Professor Anthony Costello UK, Institute of Child Health, UCL (University College London) and Dr Prasanta Tripathy, Indian organization Volunteer Ekjut, assessed how they affected groups women to neonatal and maternal depression in areas where the intervention, compared to areas where these groups were promoted participatory.

In each group acted as facilitators recruited women in the area, respected in the community, not health professionals, usually married and with some schooling. The number of women who were part of the groups was increased from 1 in 6 women of reproductive age (17%) during the first year, more than half (55%) during the third year. In total, there were 19 030 births data for those three years.

The women worked through a "cycle of Community action in four steps, identify the problems associated with pregnancy, childbirth and newborn care, develop strategies to address these problems, such as improving health, raise funds and produce their own basic kits for delivery, working with local community leaders, teachers, politicians and others to implement these strategies, and evaluate the success of these interventions.

"It was crucial that women could think for themselves on the problems and develop their own coping strategies, rather than tell them what to do," said Dr. Nirmala Nair Ekjut organization. "We think a trained facilitator who supports peer learning is more effective in achieving lasting change in behavior that the traditional approach based on an instructor who teaches you have to learn."

The effect of the interventions was spectacular in the second and third years of the trial, in areas where women's groups pushed neonatal mortality was reduced by 45%. In these areas also significantly reduced maternal depression, 57%.

"We saw a change in behavior: improved hygiene practices, and better care for newborns," said Professor Costello. "It went from harmful practices such as giving birth in dirty places or delay the onset of lactation, to significantly improve basic hygiene by those attending the birth, the umbilical cord is cut and the immediate response to the needs of mothers newborn care. "

The researchers believe that improving the social capital-access to the group provided women greater peer support network, was the most valuable aspect of the groups and contributed to the improvement of practices in the delivery and care babies, and in reducing maternal depression. This could also explain why these groups had much greater success than direct interventions by health professionals.

"Many women in these groups would be relatively young, with arranged marriages by their families, who live only with their mother or a very limited network of friends to provide support," said Audrey Prost, of the UCL. "The groups empower women to take preventive measures and can tackle problems more effectively when they arise. If you've been in a group and there is a problem, you have an instant support network to which you can go. "

Researchers estimate that the additional cost of supporting these groups for each life saved was about $ 910. However, there remains the question of who would pay to support such groups, both the Governor and federal government, nongovernmental organizations, or a combination of both.

The authors explain that "women's groups provided by other women reduced neonatal mortality and maternal depression moderate, low cost, largely tribal populations, rural, eastern India. The most likely mechanism of mortality reduction is the improvement of hygiene and care practices. " Furthermore, "equity groups had the advantage of helping the poorest, can be applied on a larger scale, have a low cost and produce powerful lasting effects. By focusing toward critical consciousness, the groups have the ability to improve the skills of the community to address the difficulties related to health and development, stemming from poverty and social inequalities. "

The journal Lancet published a second study conducted by the same team, also on formation of women's groups, but this time in Bangladesh. In this country, there were no such dramatic results as in India. However, in this case, the researchers believe a number of issues influenced the results: the impossibility of obtaining an adequate network of women's groups, as in India, or the recruitment of pregnant women in the study conducted in the India.

Physiotherapy, pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum

2010-06-23T10:02:00.001-07:00

Pregnancy is a time when many changes occur in our body, both physical and emotional. To the extent we have more information and the more you work on both aspects, we will be more prepared for childbirth. This translates into the full enjoyment of the whole process of pregnancy and especially birth. But how can a therapist specializing in pelvic floor help you prepare for childbirth?

The role of the physiotherapist is to recover and train the musculoskeletal system. In the case of pregnancy, the therapist must be objective: to work the abdominal muscles in order to minimize strain, work the pelvic floor muscles, and ultimately, physical training for childbirth.

With the perineal massage the pelvic floor is prepared for the big stretch to suffer when you leave the baby's head, and improves the elasticity of the muscles.

Another of our objectives is training in the "push, physiological", effective for the removal of the baby, and respectful to the pelvis and abdomen of the mother.

All this training will give us an important physical and emotional support to cope with childbirth in a better position.

However, sometimes unexpected situations can arise. It is possible that labor is not ultimately as we had expected. In these cases, having carried out the preparation we can help minimize the consequences of a more traumatic birth and accelerate our recovery.

For this reason, in addition, it is recommended that after childbirth the mother has postpartum assessment to analyze how they have been all tissues after birth. This is especially necessary in multiparous women (women with more than one birth) and that as more children are the pelvic floor is weakened more and more, even though the deliveries were by Caesarean section.

As mentioned above not only the pelvic floor is weakened by the departure of the baby through the birth canal but also for the nine months of gestation in which the pelvic floor, which acts like a hammock from all the pelvic viscera, is subject the baby's weight gain.

With physical therapy recovering postpartum muscle function of the abdominal wall without damaging the pelvic floor function returns the pelvic floor muscles and if there are scars, such as episiotomy or cesarean section, treated, preventing believe adhesions and accelerating the normal healing process.

In short, a good preparation and a good knowledge of our body are a great help to benefit fully from the road that leads to motherhood.

Raising trumps sensible prenatal stress

2010-06-23T10:01:00.000-07:00

The love of a mother can provide powerful protection against the risks facing your baby during pregnancy, according to a recent article published in the journal Biological Psychiatry. Research shows that infants exposed during pregnancy to high levels of stress hormones, which pose a low risk of cognitive development, can escape this risk if their mothers are provided a loving and sensitive care during their first years of life.

This study presents the first direct evidence in humans that babies exposed during pregnancy to high levels of hormone cortisol may have difficulty paying attention or to solve problems in the future. But what may be more intriguing is the second finding of the study: that this impact disappears almost completely if the mother forge a secure connection with your baby.

"Our results give shape to the argument that fetal exposure to cortisol, which may be partly motivated by the stress level of the mother, and care received during aging combine to influence the child's neurological development," said one of the authors, Dr. Thomas O'Connor, professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Rochester and director of the Wynne Center for Family Research. "If further studies confirm this future will require not only think about ways to reduce stress during pregnancy, but also promote a sensitive care to the baby by mothers and fathers."

The love of a mother

The researchers selected 125 mothers in an urban pediatric wards. Samples of amniotic fluid to measure stress hormones contained. Mothers were, on average, 17 weeks of gestation, and only taken into account in the study mothers with normal pregnancies, healthy.

When their children turned 17 months old, the researchers applied the Bayley test of child development, which is based on the realization of puzzles, symbolic play and challenges for the child's memory to measure cognitive development of children. They also observed the interaction between mothers and children through the test of the Ainsworth Strange Situation, which judges whether the mother-baby pairs show a link between them safe or unsafe.

With the results of the levels of cortisol in amniotic fluid on the one hand, and quality of the relationship between mothers and children and cognitive development of these on the other hand, the researchers looked at how the first two measures could influence the third. Children who showed an "insecure attachment" to their mothers, and had been exposed to high levels of cortisol during pregnancy, showed less ability to concentrate, reduced language development, and fewer skills to solve problems. But more interesting is that children who enjoyed a secure bond with their mothers the negative effects of prenatal exposure to cortisol on cognitive development seemed to have completely erased.

"This is very encouraging news for mothers," says O'Connor. "Pregnancy is an emotional experience for many women, and mothers and have many issues to take care and many concerns. It is a relief to know that being parenting, we can protect our babies from potential delays. "

A seed for future questions

O'Connor focuses on two important nuances in the study. The first is that the cortisol in amniotic fluid study could come from both sources, and is difficult to determine which one comes. You could, for example, pass through the placenta from a mother who suffers from anxiety to their unborn child, or could be created and secreted directly by the same baby who was suffering stress.

"While many large-scale studies have found that prenatal stress may affect child development, in particular, our study sheds some light on the 'how,'" said O'Connor. "There is still much research to better understand the exact mechanisms by which the mother may 'transfer' your stress to the baby during pregnancy."

This study is in the general theory of "fetal programming," according to which events that occur during pregnancy can affect the long-term health of the child and different aspects of their development. " Some previous studies, for example, have found that maternal diet affects the long-term risk that the child will suffer heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Along with the maternal diet, prenatal stress has emerged as another factor in the fetal programming.

"Our results support the emerging theory," said Dr. Vivette Glover, of London. "In neurology, the idea emerges that the unborn baby can feel the stress hormone levels of their mother, who programmed for increased surveillance. We are trying to determine whether this sensitivity comes from increased anxiety during childhood, and if so, what can we do about it. "

The next study team will consist of watching the same children at 6 years of age. At that time, researchers hope to give the group a more definitive test battery to see how it affects long-term interaction between elevated levels of cortisol in the womb and sensible parenting. These tests will include studies through brain imaging of children, to see if elevated levels of cortisol may be related to anatomical changes.

Human papilloma virus

2010-02-10T12:44:00.000-08:00

Epidemiologic studies have identified the association of cervical neoplasia with sexual activity. The initial study suggests this relationship is more than 150 years old. The sexually transmitted agent that could be related to the initiation or promotion of cervical neoplasia has been sought for many years. Essentially every substance found in the genital tract has been implicated over the years. These have included sperm, smegma, spirochetes, Trichomonas, fungus, and more recently herpes simplex virus type II (HSV-2) and human papilloma virus (HPV). During the 1970s, HSV-2 was studied extensively in an attempt to develop a possible etiologic link. These endeavors mainly used case-control studies, which showed a significant higher prevalence of HSV-2 in cancer cases compared with controls. These studies encountered problems with crossreactivity between HSV-1 and HSV-2 and standardization of assays. It could not be determined if the infection with the virus preceded the cancer. When controlled for highrisk factors, many studies found no difference among patients and controls in the prevalence of HSV-2 antibody. Most investigators today do not consider HSV-2 to be a serious candidate as an etiologic agent for cervical neoplasia, although some have postulated that it may in some way be a cofactor.

Since the mid-1970s, there has been an explosion of information concerning HPV. It was actually in the mid- 1970s when zur Hausen suggested that HPV was a likely candidate as a sexually transmitted agent that may result in genital tract neoplasias. Later in that decade, Meisel published a series of articles that described a new virus-induced condylomatous lesion of the cervix. Although koilocytosis had previously been described, these workers noted the presence of intranuclear HPV in koilocytotic cells associated with CIN. In contrast to the long-identified typical cauliflower condyloma, it was noted that HPV also produced a flat, white lesion, best recognized colposcopically, that was thought to be a precursor of cervical neoplasia. The development of immunoperoxidase techniques that can identify the HPV confirmed these original observations. Subsequently, HPV has been isolated from genital lesions; with the use of hybridization techniques, the HPV DNA can be typed.

To date, about 120 different types of HPV have been isolated and characterized (Table 1–1). The identity of a new subtype has usually been based on the description of the DNA genome compared with the known HPV prototypes. A new type must share less than 50% DNA homology to any known HPV. Classification depends on the composition of DNA. About 30 HPV types primarily infect the squamous epithelium of the lower anogenital tracts of both males and females. So-called low-risk types (6, 11, 42, 43, 44) are mainly associated with benign lesions such as condyloma, which rarely progress to a malignancy. The high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58) are detected in intraepithelial and invasive cancers. More than 85% of all cervical cancers are said to contain high-risk HPV sequences. In benign precursor lesions, the HPV DNA is episomal (has extra chromosomal replication). In cancers, the DNA is integrated into the human genome. All HPVs contain at least seven early genes (E1-7) and two late genes (L1 and L2).
The integration usually occurs in the E1/E2 region, resulting in disrupting gene integrity and expression. These open reading frames encode DNA-binding proteins that regulate viral transcription and replication. With HPV-16 and 18, the E2 protein represses the promoter from which the E6 and E7 genes are transcribed. Because of integration, the E6 and E7 genes are expressed in HPV-positive cervical cancer. It appears that E6 and E7 are the only viral factors necessary for immortalization of human genital epithelial cells. These two oncoproteins form complexes with host regulatory proteins such as p53 and pRB (retroblastoma susceptibility gene). High-risk HPV E6, upon binding with p53, causes rapid degradation of the protein, thus preventing p53 normal function from responding to DNA damage induced by radiation or chemical mutagens. Without this binding, increased levels of p53 growth arrest of cells may occur, which allows repair of damaged DNA to take place or apoptosis (programmed cell death) to occur. E7 protein may bind to several cellular proteins, including pRB. This interaction may inactivate pRB and push the cell cycle into the S phase and induce DNA synthesis. Other regulatory genes such as c-myc may also be involved. Other factors are obviously important, because only a small percentage of women infected with high-risk HPV develop cancer. HPV-immortalized human keratinocyte cell lines will only be manifest in nude mice, for instance, after transfection with additional oncogenes such as ras. In humans, the immunologic response may contribute to this very complicated scenario.

HPVs carry their genetic information within a cellular double-stranded DNA molecule. Infections caused by these viruses are usually not systemic but result in local infections manifest as warty papillary condylomatous lesions. HPV-infected cells contain both the fully formed viral particles and their DNA. Replication of the virus occurs only in the cell nuclei, in which DNA synthesis is low. Mature HPV particles are never found in replicating basal or parabasal cells but are found in the koilocytotic cells in the superficial layer. HPV, like HSV-2, may also have a latent intranuclear form in which only fragments of the viral DNA are expressed.

Characterizations of the HPV types suggest about 40 of these can cause genital disease. These have been divided into high-risk HPV types of which 16 and 18 are the most common, probably high-risk (types 26, 53 and 66) or lowrisk types with 6 and 11 being the most common. These appear to be sexually transmitted. (Fig. 1–1). Although HPV types 16 and 18 are the types most commonly isolated in cervical cancer, not all infections with type 16 and 18 progress to cancer. Reeves reported one of the largest studies of both cervical cancer and controls, and HPV- 16/18 were seen in 62% of 759 cancer patients, whereas HPV-6/11 were identified in 17%. More interesting is that only 7% of 1467 randomly selected, age-matched controls were found to have HPV 6/11, whereas 32% of controls tested positive for HPV-16/18. The crude and adjusted relative risk of cervical cancer associated with HPV-16/18 or HPV-6/11 were similar. Other studies suggest that HPV-16/18 may be present in as many as 80% of the normal population. This proportion of HPV positivity in the normal population varies depending on the geographic area evaluated. Meanwell evaluated 47 cancer patients, 66% of whom had HPV-16, compared with 35% of 26 controls. After controlling for age, he found no significant difference between cases and controls with regard to the frequency HPV-16 was identified.

Initially, it was suggested that in all cancers the HPV DNA was integrated, whereas in CIN lesions the HPV DNA was episomal. This suggested the role of a more virulent type of HPV (i.e., 16/18). More recently, an increased number of cancers with episomal HPV DNA have been reported. Integration has been noted in CIN lesions; therefore, it appears that integration is not a constant finding in cancers. Although integration of HPV-16 has been demonstrated, the importance of this finding in the development of cancer has not been determined. An interesting study from Greenland and Denmark evaluated the incidence of HPV and HSV-2 in the normal population of these two countries. The cumulative incidence rate of cervical cancer in Greenland is 5.6 times higher than it is in Denmark. A total of 586 women in Greenland and 661 from Denmark were investigated. The total HPV-16/18 rate was 13% in Denmark, compared with 8.8% in Greenland; and the age-adjusted prevalence rate in Greenland was only 67% of Denmark’s. HPV-6/11 prevalence was similar in the two populations (6.7% and 7.5%). The authors noted a much higher proportion of women in Greenland with HSV-2 antibodies than of those from Denmark (68.2% vs 30.9%). They also noted a higher number of sexual partners in Greenland (22% with 40 or more) compared with Denmark (0.3%). Cancer screening was similar in the two areas. Although the authors suggested that these data should be interpreted with caution and that other, similar studies need to be done, the observed HPV-16/18 infection rate in Greenland (compared with the cancer incidence in Greenland compared with Denmark) is an interesting observation.

HPV-18 may be more virulent than HPV-16 and may be a prognostic factor. Kurman and associates noted a deficit of HPV-18 in CIN compared with cancer, whereas there was no significant difference in the distribution of HPV-16 in CIN compared with cancer. These authors postulated that this deficit of HPV-18 in CIN could represent a rapid transit time through the preinvasive phase. Obviously, this is conjecture at this time. Walker noted that patients with cervical cancer and HPV-18 had a worse prognosis than did similar-staged patients with HPV-16. One other study noted that the prognosis was worse in patients with cervical cancer if no HPV subtype was identified than if any HPV type was present. Today it is generally accepted that type 18 is more frequently associated with adenocarcinoma of the cervix and type 16 with squamous cancer. There also appears to be a difference in sexual behavior and reproductive risk factors between the two histotypes. There is a positive association of high gravidity and squamous cancer and an inverse association with adenocarcinoma. Age of first intercourse and number of sexual partners is of greater risk for squamous carcinoma than adenocarcinoma.

Over the last several years, many studies worldwide attempted to characterize HPV DNA with regard to specific types and correlate these findings with the cervical neoplastic process. Although the laboratory evidence of the role of HPV DNA in the carcinogenesis was being established, the epidemiologic studies were lacking. Many studies that used testing that was considered appropriate just a few years ago are today considered inadequate because of the test’s insensitivity in light of current technology. For many years, the Southern blot analysis for HPV DNA was considered to be the gold standard. Because it is very laboratory and personnel intense, as well as difficult to replicate between different laboratories, other techniques were developed. The filter in situ hybridization and dot blot test were developed; the latter was used in the commercially available Vira Pap/Vira Type kits. Both techniques were insensitive. The HPV Profile kit was developed to increase the number of HPV types tested (from 7–14) but is labor intense and uses radiolabeling. This was introduced in 1993 but was replaced by hybrid capture, which is said to have greater sensitivity, requires less time and uses a chemiluminescence substrate instead of radiolabeling.

The hybrid capture second generation (HC2) is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for HPV testing of the cervix. Both high- and low-risk HPV types can be identified but require separate ribonucleic acid (RNA) probes. Testing for low-risk types is not usually recommended. The high-risk probe can identify 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68. A semiquantitative measure of the viral load can be obtained based on the intensity of light emitted by the sample. In many instances, more than one subtype may be present. With our current knowledge, should HPV typing be offered or suggested as part of our routine screening or even as a triage? This question implies that we know the answer to several other questions (e.g., the incidence or prevalence in the “normal” population; what affects the positive rate; which technique is considered to be the gold standard; whether HPV DNA detection can predict future cervical neoplasia). Some investigators have stated that HPV DNA is ubiquitous and endemic. The most common method of transmittal appears to be sexual; however, nonsexual transfer is not rare. Jenison found that 28–65% of children younger than 10 years old had antibodies HPV-6, 16, or 18 fusion proteins, and 20% had (PCR) detection of HPV-6 or 16 in oral mucosa.

The prevalence of HPV DNA detection appears to increase during pregnancy, and transmission from the mother to the child during delivery is accepted as a possible transfer mechanism. Although the prevalence of HPV DNA does appear to be related to sexual activity, detection of the DNA has been found in co-ed virgins. It appears that HPV DNA is detected most often in women without evidence of CIN in the 15–25 age range. The one-time prevalence of HPV DNA depends on the assay used. One study of adolescents and young women using the dot blot hybridization technique found 9–11% positive, whereas another study of similar women using PCR found HPV DNA in 33%. Studies of sexually active adolescents noted that detection of HPV DNA varied from 15–38%.

The HPV detection rate was usually higher in women with more sexual partners; however, one study noted that the rate decreased significantly as the number of sexual partners increased (> 10 partners). The rate of detection did not correlate with the years of sexual activity. These usually decreased with age when other factors were controlled. Limited data are available on longitudinal studies of HPV DNA detection de Villiers found that approximately 9% of women of all ages with normal cytology had HPV DNA present on first testing. This rate increased to 26% if repeat testing was done over a 5-year period. The actual rate is probably higher because they used a less sensitive technique (filter in situ hybridization). Mao and associates evaluated 516 sexually active university students (18 to 24 years old). They collected genital specimens for HPV testing every 4 months for up to 4 years. During the study, over 4000 study visits were completed and at about 20% of the visits HPV positivity other than 6 and 11 was noted. Only 5% were positive for 6 and 11. Except for those with 6 and 11, all other HPV subtypes identified, the women were asymptomatic.

Ho et al followed 608 college women at 6-month intervals for 3 years. The accumulative 30- month incidence of HPV infection was 43%. The increased risk was associated with younger age, increased number of vaginal sex partners, high frequency of vaginal sex and partners with an increase of sexual partners. The median duration of new infections was 8 months. The persistence of HPV for 6 months was related to older age, type of HPV as well as multiple subtypes of HPV. The risk of an abnormal Pap smear increased with persistent HPV infection, particularly high-risk types.

Woodmar and associates recruited 2001 women, 15–19 years old, who had recently become sexually active. They took cervical smears every 6 months. In 1075 women who were cytologically normal and HPV negative at recruitment, the accumulative risk for any HPV infection was 44%. The accumulative 3-year risk of a different HPV type than present initially was 26%. 246 had abnormal smears and 28 progressed to high-grade CIN. This risk was highest in women who were positive for HPV-16 but 40% tested negative for HPV and another 33% tested positive for 1st time only at the visit as the abnormal smear. Five women who progressed to high grade CIN consistently tested negative for HPV.

Moscicki followed a small group of HPV DNA-positive women for longer than 2 years with several visits in which HPV DNA using both PCR and dot blot technique were tested. Twelve of 27 tested positive for HPV-16/18. More than half of the women had negative results spontaneously (defined as two or more negative test results) for the original HPV type detected during the first visit. The data suggested that the number of virions decreased over a relatively short period and that the infection was presumed terminated. When a new HPV type was identified, most reported acquiring a new sexual partner since the last visit. This probably reflects a new infection and not reactivation. Rosenfeld found that > 50% of young urban patients tested positive for HPV at either an initial visit or at follow-up 6–36 months later using the Southern blot test. Therefore, the prevalence and incidence of HPV DNA appear to vary greatly, depending on age, sexual activity, the number of times tested, and the laboratory technique used. More than one million people are estimated to seek medical attention each year in the USA because of virus-induced lesions. The incidence, therefore, appears to be quite high for finding HPV DNA in the female genital tract. Even with the high-risk HPV types, infections commonly cause only mild transient cytologic changes and rarely lead to significant CIN or invasive cancer. Therefore, the use of routine screening utilizing HPV DNA probes does not appear to be clinically indicated in the young patient. HPV testing has been evaluated as an adjunct to primary cervical screening. Cuzick and associates obtained HPV testing for types 16, 18, 31, and 33 using a semiquantitative type-specific PCR test. In 1980, their study was done on evaluable women who had never been treated for CIN and who had not had an abnormal Pap smear during the previous 3 years.

Cytologic abnormality or high concentrations of HPV were obtained in 11.6% (231 patients) and 81 (4%) had CIN II or III, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) of HSIL cytology in identifying CIN II or III was 66%. HPV testing detected 61 cases of CIN II or III (sensitivity 75% and PPV of 42%). Of the 81 cases of CIN II or III, cytology was negative in 33 and 20 had no evidence of any of the HPV types tested. Although sensitivity and PPV were noted, specificity and the negative predictive value (NPV) were not. It has been suggested that in patients with an abnormality, HPV DNA typing may be used as a triage method to determine who may need further investigation. This is particularly true for patients with ASCUS or LSIL, because those with HSIL will most always be evaluated with a colposcopy. Goff evaluated the Vira Type kit in patients with ASCUS. Of 171 patients, 19% had detectable HPV DNA and 85% were of the high-risk HPV types. Only 6 of 28 patients with atypia and high-risk HPV types had CIN; none had CIN III.

The authors thought that available HPV typing was not clinically useful in identifying patients who should have a colposcopy. Sedlacek reached similar conclusions in 334 women referred for evaluation of abnormal cytology. He could not demonstrate a relationship between the HPV type and the high-grade biopsy proven CIN using the Southern blot technique. On the other hand, using PCR with consensus primers or semiquantitative PCR suggests a significant correlation of highrisk HPV types with CIN II and III. Hatch evaluated The Hybrid Capture kit in 311 patients who were referred for evaluation of abnormal cytology. Fifty percent of LSIL, 26% of HSIL, and 44% of those with invasive cancers were HPV-DNA negative. The test missed one-third of histologic LSIL and HSIL in patients with LSIL on cytology. In the ASCUS group, the ability of the test to identify histologic HSIL noted a sensitivity of 60%, a specificity of 68%, and a PPV of 35%. With these results, most clinicians would not want to rely on this test to predict which patient may have significant cervical neoplasia, particularly invasive disease.

In a study of 1128 women referred with an abnormal Pap smear, Kaufman and associates repeated the Pap smear, obtained a sample for HPV testing (Profile kit), and did a colposcopy. They performed 1075 colposcopic-directed biopsies and endocervical curettages (ECCs). HPV DNA was identified in 488 women. Positivity of HPV increased as the severity of the referral Pap smear increased (ASCUS 25%; HSIL 44%), and this also correlated with biopsy results (HPV in CIN I 39%; CIN III 59%). The detection of highrisk HPV DNA in women with any degree of SIL on the referral Pap smear poorly predicted biopsy-proven CIN III. Sensitivity of HPV to predict CIN II and III with LSIL on a Pap smear was only 58%; specificity was 68%; and PPV was 22%. If HPV had been used as the only triage in patients with LSIL on Pap, > 40% of women with confirmed CIN II or III would not have had a colposcopy or biopsy. In a follow-up study of these same patients with CIN II or III, the authors evaluated HPV testing using a PCR technique that is the most sensitive for the HPV tests. The PCR appeared to be more sensitive than the Profile, but the PPV was similar (21.7% and 22.8%). Approximately one quarter of the patients with negative results on biopsies were HPV-positive and almost one half of patients with CIN II or III were HPV-16-negative. When PPV and NPV were evaluated, combined triage did not improve on either HPV testing or cytology alone. Cost analysis was performed, and repeat cytology was better in identifying CIN II or III with half the cost of HPV testing. The authors thought that at present the use of these tests should be restricted to the research arena and should not be used in routine clinical practice.

In evaluation of 537 women with a referral Pap of CIN I, colposcopy and HPV typing (PCR) were done along with a repeat Pap. Based on a repeat Pap and colposcopy impression, 142 women were presumed to have CIN II or a worse lesion. In the group with CIN I, 45% tested positive for HPV and 52% tested positive in the CIN II category. In the latter group, HPV positivity among women younger than 22 years of age and with a history of current cigarette smoking in people 22 years or older were significant predictors of patients with CIN II or III. The authors believed that the age limitation would limit the usefulness of HPV screening. Most authors have noted a decrease in HPV positivity with age, even though more severe lesions appear in older patients. Manos and colleagues evaluated the use of HPV testing compared with repeat Pap smears in women with an ASCUS Pap. Of 973 patients with ASCUS and a definitive histologic diagnosis, 65 (6.7%) women had HSIL or cancer. The HPV test was positive using capture II method in 89.2%, and the repeat Pap smear was abnormal in 76.2% (not statistically significant). Triage based on HPV typing alone or on a repeat Pap smear would only refer a similar number of patients for colposcopy (39%). False-positive results for HPV testing and repeat Pap smears were similar when the histology was normal.

In a report from Italy, 221 patients with Pap smears showing minor atypia were evaluated with HPV testing, cervicography, and repeat cytology. In a multivariate analysis, only cytology and cervicography retained an association with histologic diagnosis of CIN II–III. The HPV test did not influence the decision for a biopsy nor was it associated with a histologic diagnosis. A prospective study of biopsy-proven CIN I was evaluated with regard to risk factors for progression. Of 163 women, 13 (8%) progressed to CIN III; 43% regressed; and 49% persisted. All progression occurred in women who tested positive for HPV DNA and who had an immature abnormal transformation zone on the initial evaluation. In addition, women who complained of vaginal discharge on enrollment increased the risk of progression. None of the CIN I patients with HPV DNA-positive test results progressed. Although all the patients who progressed tested HPV-positive, 89 (90%) who were HPV positive did not progress.

In a clinical opinion, Kaufman and Adams reviewed the current status of HPV testing in predicting the presence of HSIL or cancer in patients with ASCUS or LSIL cytology. Using the profile and hybrid capsule tests for HPV to identify CIN II or III, sensitivity varied from 55–93%. In the studies with the highest sensitivity, the specificity ranged from 24–67% and PPV ranged from 17–28%. To date, no data suggest that HPV testing has or will decrease morbidity and mortality from invasive cancer. Their opinion indicated that presently HPV testing has little clinical value to the practitioner. The use of HPV typing to predict progression of CIN has been suggested. In a study by Gaarenstoom, HPV 16 presence was significantly related to progression of CIN—29% vs 0% in HPV-negative lesions. All patients had colposcopically directed biopsies but were followed without being treated. PCR with a primer was used to identify HPV. In 1993, a diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment (DATTA) was performed by the American Medical Association. Three questions were asked. Is HPV DNA testing an effective method of guiding therapy in:

1. women with atypical Pap smears;
2. LSIL, and
3. a condylomatous cervical lesion identified at colposcopy whose histologic diagnosis is indeterminate?

The scientific literature was reviewed, and a panel from the obstetric-gynecologic, pathology, oncology, infectious disease, and preventive medicine community was asked to answer the three questions. Sixty percent, 62%, and 55%, respectively, thought that HPV DNA testing was investigational with regard to the three questions posed. Only 22%, 15%, and 17% thought that HPV DNA testing may be “promising”, and a similar group noted that it had “doubtful” effectiveness.

Recently cell proliferation pathways have been evaluated in regards to HPV. This has led to evaluation of genes and growth factors. Data has suggested that the progression of CIN to cancer can lead to an upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). This upregulation is common to all squamous cell cancers; however in cervical cancer, EGF-R upregulation leads to a specific up regulation of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II). IGF-I but not IGF-II levels are elevated in other gyn cancers as well as breast and prostate cancers. It has been suggested that IGF-II levels could be used as a monitor for CIN as well as cervical cancers post therapy. Increased serum IGF-II levels in cervical cancer are accompanied by a significantly reduced level of serum IGF-binding protein-3 (IGF-BP3). IGF-BP3 appears to be a cell regulatory and pro-apoptotic agent and an increase in its level offers an excellent prognosis for cervical cancer regression through its downregulating effects on EGF-R, IGF-II and vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF-B is known to be elevated during metastatic spread of many cancers. A reduction in IGF-BP3 levels have been observed upon treatment with VEGF in HPV-positive and negative cell lines. VEGF-C has been found to be significantly elevated in women with persistent cervical cancer or HSIL and appears to be effective in early diagnosis of metastatic cervical cancer. VEGFC appears to be unique to cervical cancer in that it interacts with IGF-II and IGF-BP3 through EGF-R. Interestingly, VEGF-C is upregulated by nicotine in cervical cancer cell lines. This translational research may lead not only to a better understanding of cervical cancer and its precursors but may also increase our ability to predict which CIN may progress as well as monitor cervical cancer post treatment and identify persistence or recurrence at an earlier time than currently available.

It has been suggested that the sexual partners of women with CIN and HPV infection should be treated to control the infectious process among women. Campion evaluated 140 women who presented for treatment of biopsy-proven CIN. As a control group, 280 females matched for age and disease severity (two control patients for each study patient) were identified. HPV typing was performed on each control and case. The atypical T-Z was destroyed with the laser in each. Repeat HPV typing was done at 6 months. In the study group, the current sexual partners were evaluated and all HPV lesions were treated. The male partners of the control group were not treated. The primary cure rate of CIN was the same in the two groups (92% study vs 94% control group). The importance of controlling disease in the male sexual partner may be overemphasized.

It is now generally accepted that the virus itself cannot be eliminated with any known therapy. Therefore is there any benefit from knowing HPV subtypes that relates to clinical management? There probably is not. Not only is HPV commonly found in as many as 80% of normal (non- CIN) patients, but after treatment for CIN, HPV was found in 100% of 20 females with CIN who were successfully treated with laser.

Riva and associates treated 25 women with koilocytotic atypia, CIN, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), or vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). All patients had laser therapy of the cervix, vagina, and vulva in continuity. Morbidity was significant. Histologic persistence of subclinical HPV infection was documented in 88% of patients after treatment. Neither treatment of male sexual consorts nor sexual abstinence significantly improved treatment outcome. HIV and cervical neoplasia Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an ever-increasing disease affecting all our citizens. Initially thought to be limited to homosexual males and intravenous (IV) drug users, more and more women are being diagnosed with HIV and acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS). An estimated 850,000–950,000 persons in the USA are living with HIV including 180,000–220,000 who do not know they are infected. In 2003, the estimated number of AIDS was 43,171 of which 11,498 cases are in females. Eighty percent of women who contract AIDS are in the reproductive age group. Approximately 25% acquire these infections during adolescence, and over three-fourths of female cases in 2003 were contracted by heterosexual transmission. In women, early manifestations of the disease are often gynecologic, such as chronic yeast infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital warts, and herpes. On January 1, 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expanded the case definition of AIDS to include HIV-positive women with invasive cervical cancer. This inclusion remains controversial, because it apparently was based on preliminary data. These data suggested that in HIV-positive patients, there was a high incidence of CIN, Pap smears were unreliable, and other diagnostic procedures (i.e., colposcopy) should be part of routine evaluation of these patients.

It is well recognized that immunodeficiency predisposes to development of neoplasia in congenital disorders such as Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, in which the incidence of cancer may be increased 10,000-fold. Renal transplant patients appear to be at increased risk for lower genital tract neoplasia. Cervical neoplasia has been reported to range from 5–40%, and anogenital neoplasia is reported 9 to 14 times greater in these patients compared with controls. It is not surprising, therefore, to see an increased incidence of cancers in HIV-positive patients. Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are the most commonly seen cancers in patients with AIDS. Squamous cell carcinomas of the anogenital tract and oral cavity have been reported with increased frequency. Spinillo noted in 75 HIV-positive women that 22 (29%) had CIN. Sun evaluated in a cross-sectional study of 344 HIV-positive and 325 HIV-negative women. HIV-positive women were more likely to have HPV-DNA of any type, HPV-16 or 18, or more than one HPV type than HIV-negative patients. The HIV-positive patients with HPV DNA were more likely to have CIN than were HPV-infected, HIV-negative women. Essentially, all studies noted a much higher rate (up to tenfold) of CIN in HIV-positive women compared with controls. Maiman noted that 39% of HIV-positive patients but with normal cytology had CIN.

He suggested in these women that Pap smears should be done every 6 months and that they should have a routine baseline colposcopy or cervicography. Subsequently, several large studies representing several hundred patients noted only a false-negative Pap smear rate of 10–19%. Wright noted that the Pap smear failed to detect abnormalities in only 0.8% of 398 HIV-positive women who actually had highgrade CIN. The CDC currently recommends that all HIVpositive women have a Pap smear (Table 1–2). If the result is normal, repeat the smear in 6 months then annually thereafter as long as the Pap smear is normal. If the first Pap has severe inflammation with reactive squamous cells, the smear should be repeated in 3 months. In patients with ASCUS or any degree of SIL, further evaluation (colposcopy) appears warranted. Not only are HIV-positive patients at greater risk for CIN, but also the severity of the disease appears to be related to T cell function.

HIVpositive patients with CIN have absolute T cell counts and T4:T8 ratios of about one half of those HIV-positive patients without CIN. Wright noted in an evaluation of 398 HIV-positive and 357 HIV-negative patients that CIN was independently associated with HPV infections (odds ratio [OR] 9.8), HIV infection (OR 3.5), CD4+ T lymphocyte count

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How to Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy

2010-01-20T11:14:00.000-08:00

How to Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy

Late pregnancy happens desired more often. Last years the age of the introduction into marriage and a Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy birth of the first child has considerably increased. It often creates difficulties of the child, and at its birth. It is better to give birth nevertheless to children in time, at that age in which it is intended by the nature. Ideal age for a birth of children - 20-30 years. But in last year this age lath has considerably moved towards increase. And here already in the USA the best social and physical age for a birth of the first-born name 34 years. It is not absolutely correct, as the nature all the same not so simply to deceive.

Certainly, the medicine has stepped far forward, nevertheless, the woman, decided to get the child after 35 years, has a number of problems:

not always it is possible to become pregnant and on it there are objective reasons: first reproductive ability of the Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy woman Bronchitis falls in the course of time (that is not each menstrual cycle is accompanied by egg formation), and secondly the lived years, certainly, make the impact in the form of the numerous infections transferred (frequently imperceptibly) and inflammatory diseases of female sexual sphere, that often leads to barreness; at last, barreness the husband can suffer;
not always it is possible to take out the child: the quantity of spontaneous Miscarriages accrues with the years, hormonal change in an organism of the woman and various chronic diseases which she "has earned" during a life here affect;
during pregnancy the risk of occurrence (a toxicosis of second half of pregnancy) because of presence at the woman of various diseases (a hypertension, diseases of kidneys etc.) increases;
childbirth also Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy proceeds more difficultly at women is more senior 35 years: patrimonial ways reveal more slowly, soft fabrics possess a smaller extensibility; often at such age resort to a Cesarean section;
at last, there can be problems with health of the child, various chromosomal diseases in the form of illness of Down first of all are dangerous, their quantity accrues with the years; on health of the child patrimonial traumas and a lack of oxygen during pregnancy and in sorts can be reflected.

How to overcome all difficulties and to give birth to the healthy child

To help the woman to give birth to the healthy child, there are special medical institutions - female consultations. The doctor of female consultation knows all reefs which can trap the pregnant Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy woman and can warn in time her about it.

First of all, it is desirable, that late pregnancy was planned. It is necessary that both Bronchitis parents before conception were surveyed, have treated all centres of an infection or any hormonal shifts and have consulted at the doctor-genetics.

To get registered in female consultation it is better before as for revealing of some changes from mother and a fruit there is a number of researches which are spent on different terms of pregnancy. If the pregnant woman in due time does all these researches the risk of a birth, for Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy example, the child with illness of Down comes practically to naught.

Miscarriages also have learnt to warn and treat at early stages - the main thing to distinguish their first signs, and the doctor can make it only.

In most cases the woman with late pregnancy hospitalise for sorts in advance to be Bronchitis defined with tactics of conducting sorts. It not reinsurance: modern methods of research of a condition of a fruit and mother allow to develop optimum tactics of conducting sorts, including with application of such operation, as a Cesarean section.

If to become pregnant in the natural way it is not possible

As it was already spoken, with the years the quantity of ripening eggs decreases and to become pregnant during 1-2 menstrual cycles begins very difficultly. But if pregnancy has not come during half a year after regular sexual contacts without contraception, it is Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy necessary to address to the doctor to understand the reasons of this phenomenon.

The barreness reasons there can be a set, both from the woman, and from the man. To help to get the desired child, presently there are many techniques which allow to help practically to all women:

By sperm of the husband - it is applied at partial Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy man's barreness if in sperm there are not enough spermatozoas;
By sperm Bronchitis of the donor - it is applied at full man's barreness;
Carrying over of gametes and zygotes - is applied in that case when the ripened egg cannot get to a pipe for fertilisation because of impassability of a pipe; in that case from an ovarie undertakes by means of a puncture egg follicles, incorporate in a test tube to spermatozoas and by means of the special device are transferred to pipes;
Fertilisation method - fertilisation of an egg out of an organism of the woman, in a test tube then the germ is transferred to a uterus cavity; indications are absence or impassability of pipes, barreness at hormonal infringements, an endometriosis, barreness of not clear origin, decrease in quality of sperm of the husband;
Method of fertilisation with use of a donor egg;
The method of an intraplasmatic injection of a spermatozoa undertakes one egg and under a microscope the Treat Bronchitis During Pregnancy spermatozoa then the egg is implanted into a uterus is entered into it.

If you have dared at late pregnancy know: the modern medicine can help you at each stage of a birth of the child.

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How to Compare Pregnancy Tests

2010-01-20T09:13:00.000-08:00

How to Compare Pregnancy Tests

The nature has created perfect conditions for Pregnancy Tests developing in a womb of mother of a fruit. Surrounded with waters, it not only is well protected, but also receives a high-grade food, and also Compare Pregnancy Tests possibility freely to move to first two trimesters of pregnancy. Unfortunately, sometimes the life introduces the corrective amendments, and pregnancy of the woman can become complicated presence of diseases, a diabetes, the Rhesus factor-conflict, and also various pre-natal infections. All it can provoke development at pregnancy. It is considered superfluous accumulation of waters of a cavity.

Norms of volume of a liquid during the various periods of pregnancy make about 30 ml in 10 weeks, to 100 ml on term of 14 weeks and Pregnancy Tests from 1000 to 1500 ml in last trimester of pregnancy. If the volume of waters last weeks pregnancy exceeds 1500 or even 2000 ml Compare Pregnancy Tests speech already goes about their superfluous accumulation. In medical practice distinguish sharp and chronic, and also its degrees - from easy and average to heavy. Sharp develops seldom and it is observed thus on early terms of pregnancy - on 16-24 week. Developing very quickly, it is literally within several hours or days, sharp it is characterised by sharp increase in the sizes of a tummy of the pregnant woman, the expressed painful sensations in the field of a Pregnancy Tests groin and a waist, pressure of walls of a uterus and an appreciable hypostasis of a forward belly wall. As at the sharp there is a sharp change of intrabelly pressure, at the pregnant woman can be observed, and fruit palpitation thus is badly listened.

The chronic is more inherent in the end of the third trimester of pregnancy and is characterised by less appreciable Compare Pregnancy Tests display of symptoms, the uterus increases gradually and the pregnant woman adapts for such Pregnancy Tests condition, not feeling strong discomfort more often. Despite slow development chronic, it also testifies to presence of any pathological processes which occur in an organism of mother: the bacterial mother bacterial or virus infections, especially a flu, a pyelonephritis, diseases, a diabetes, henital infections, inflammations of appendages.

Can develop and against the available Rhesus factor-conflict of mother and a fruit, pregnancy, and also in the presence of Compare Pregnancy Tests developmental anomalies of the fruit: genetic pathologies, congenital developmental anomalies of heart, the central nervous system, a gastroenteric path. A fruit various pre-natal infections, for example, TORCH-infections, also can become the development reason. The reason of its occurrence does not come to light also development of a pathological condition goes without the obvious provoking factor.

The suspicion on can appear both in case of complaints of the pregnant woman, Pregnancy Tests and at obvious discrepancy of the sizes of a uterus to calendar term of pregnancy. For the diagnosis ultrasonic research is carried out and for scoping of waters so-called "index" is used. Thus Compare Pregnancy Tests excess of limits of its norm testifies about at pregnancy more often. Gravity of the given pathological condition that it can provoke development as complications, and complications from a fruit. In the absence of corresponding treatment can lead to placentary insufficiency, chronic a fruit and to premature birth.

For this reason at diagnosing at pregnancy the corresponding medicinal therapy, called to improve microcirculation, exchange processes and a matochno-placentary blood-groove is Compare Pregnancy Tests appointed. If it is provoked by presence of any disease at mother its state of health first of all is corrected. At heavy degree of abundance of water it can be spent, at which the part of waters leaves by means of the thin.

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How to Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy

2010-01-20T09:12:00.000-08:00

How to Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy

Harbingers of sorts Forthcoming childbirth always frighten the woman, especially, if they the first. And as frightens Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy usually uncertainty that has increased forces and a self-trust, it is necessary to know more that expects you. In female consultations courses of preparation for sorts are always run is not formality, and vital necessity: the prepared woman becomes the first assistant to the doctor at sorts. In the end of pregnancy there is an original reorganisation of functions (and partly and structures) bodies and systems of the woman, connected with formation of biological readiness of an organism to sorts that provides timely approach and a correct current of the patrimonial certificate.

The important role in preparation of an organism for sorts belongs to female sexual hormones to an estrogen which promote the strengthened formation to a softening of a neck of a uterus, raise sensitivity of muscles of a uterus to action of biologically active substances. For two weeks Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy before sorts there is a change of a parity of separate kinds of an estrogen: concentration increases decreases.

Concentration of other female sexual hormone - a progesterone which was very high throughout all pregnancy (a progesterone suppressed movements of muscles of a uterus) one week prior to sorts falls, therefore sensitivity of muscles of a uterus to - to the basic substance strengthening their activity increases.

The maintenance increases in the blood which formation is stimulated Fatigue with an estrogen. Under action the volume of circulating blood increases. Readiness of an organism for sorts is supported by active synthesis of hormones of adrenal glands: in a bark of adrenal glands Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy glucocorticoids (they reduce puffiness of fabrics and a pain), and in brain substance - adrenaline hormones of stress which prepare the woman for stresses during sorts are developed. Concentration in blood which are the basic stimulators of the beginning of patrimonial activity raises.

What signs say that soon there will come childbirth

The remote signs come approximately for two weeks before sorts, sometimes earlier. First of all, it «tummy omission» at the expense of insertion of a head of a fruit in an input of a small basin and a deviation of a bottom of a uterus (the uterus bottom is from above) because of decrease in a tone of muscles of a tummy. It becomes thus easier to Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy woman to breathe, but it is more difficult to go and sit, there are pains in a waist. That pressure upon a bladder amplifies, there can be frequent desires. Under the influence of hormones there is more liquid a chair.

Other sign of coming nearer sorts - occurrence of hypererethism or, on the contrary, full indifference (apathy), "inflow" to a head. It speaks changes Fatigue from central and vegetative (blood vessels and internal bodies) nervous system and is observed some days prior to sorts.

The weight of a body of the pregnant woman 2-3 days prior to sorts falls on 1-2 kg is one of stages of natural Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy preparation of an organism to sorts during which time the woman eats a little (decreases appetite).

Excitability of muscles of a uterus which can be shown in the form Fatigue Pregnancy of false fights raises. False fights differ from true themes, that they are irregular and are not painful. Impellent activity of a fruit, on the contrary, goes down because to it becomes already close in a uterus cavity.

From sexual ways of the woman some days prior to sorts dense viscous slime - a mucous stopper departs. This slime - contents of a neck of a uterus which closed an input in a uterus cavity, preventing thereby hit there infections. A mucous stopper says that the Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy uterus neck prepares for disclosing and formation of patrimonial ways. At the same time the mucous stopper can depart earlier, for one-two weeks before sorts and it is one of norm variants.

What signs say that childbirth has begun and it is necessary to go to maternity hospital

First of Fatigue Pregnancy all, this occurrence of regular painful fights. In the beginning fights are accompanied by not so expressed pains, but gradually their intensity accrues, pains become very strong, calming down between fights. Time between fights is constantly reduced, if in the Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy beginning it was equal about a quarter of hour, directly ahead of sorts - some minutes. It is not necessary to be frightened very much fights: more often before sorts there are some more hours (though there is also prompt childbirth which begin and proceed quickly).

Second sign of the begun sorts - waters. They can depart at once, and can leak throughout some time - all it normally. Pains thus are not present. In norm of water are transparent and have no smell. If waters have departed (even if fights still are not present) it is better to go to maternity hospital and to be under supervision of the doctor.

All signs of the coming nearer and Avoid Fatigue During Pregnancy begun sorts need to be known not to be frightened and in time to cause first aid for moving to maternity hospital.

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How to Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy

2010-01-20T08:49:00.000-08:00

How to Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy

What is safe, and what can appear adverse for health of mother and the child? What is recommended, and that is Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy better for avoiding at a drug intake if you expect replenishment? Such questions always disturb women, and in it there is nothing surprising, after all the main thing that on light there was a healthy kid and mum was happy. We bring to your attention often set 10 questions concerning reception of medicines during pregnancy.

Question: whether It is possible to accept aspirin during pregnancy?

The answer: It is undesirable.

If you are disturbed by pains doctors of all world recommend address which during this period can to become your rescue at occurrence of an emergency situation. Aspirin as well as Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy many other things not steroid anti-inflammatory preparations is extremely undesirable, if you are pregnant. There are, however, some cases, when aspirin reception is dictated by necessity, but then the woman can accept it under the accurate control of the cardiologist and the gynecologist and in very small doses to exclude risk of a bleeding.

Question: whether It is possible to accept antibiotics?

The answer: Sometimes it is possible, but in any case it is necessary to consult with the doctor.

In the first trimester of pregnancy of such medicines it is necessary to avoid, as the risk of a Miscarriage is high. Antibiotics Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy share on 4 categories where And and In concern to rather safe, then With it is considered more risky for reception during pregnancy, and, at last, category antibiotics In cannot be accepted during this period.

If at this time you had infections of urinogenital sphere which are dangerous as to mother, and threaten health of the kid the doctor can appoint to you treatment by antibiotics In or S-type.

Question: whether It is possible to accept energizers?

The answer: It depends on a concrete preparation. Remember that during pregnancy any preparation can harm not so much mother, how many to the child, and it is necessary to make a Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy start from it at a choice of medicines. From ethical reasons medical products are not tested on pregnant women to receive a certain statistics about harm or safety, therefore all the same not so it is a lot of data on by-effects. During this period, certainly, it is necessary to avoid the strong medicines directed on stabilisation of emotional conditions. If infringements are not too serious, it is better to prefer psychotherapeutic therapy visiting the doctor, but not thoughtlessly swallowing of soothing tablets.

Question: whether It is possible to accept antiallergenic preparations?

The answer: Yes, it is possible.

At many women during pregnancy allergic reactions can become aggravated. Certainly, it is better to avoid antiallergic Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy medicines if there is a possibility, but reaction can be so dangerous, that as a result will strongly damage to the kid, therefore to ignore an allergy here it is impossible. If you suffer an allergic cold, you can take advantage of safe drops for a nose. Remember that such preparations is better to accept after you pass the first trimester of pregnancy. During this period it is possible to drink such medicines.

Question: whether It is possible to accept a depletive?

The answer: It is possible, but with the big care.

Lock - very widespread problem of the majority of pregnant women. Often it is connected with reception of ferriferous vitamin complexes which register at this time. To cope with a lock, take natural measures for improvement of activity of intestines: drink more waters, use the products rich Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy with fibra. Consult with the doctor about reception of preparations with smaller quantity of iron. If all these measures do not help, it is possible to try to accept, which softly eliminates this problem. Stronger stimulators can break microflora of intestines and lead still to the big problems. Before reception necessarily consult with the doctor.

Question: What it is possible to accept during cold?

The answer: the Old checked up means.

Recollect councils of our grandmothers which recommend not to take a great interest in modern preparations, and to address for the help to the old checked up ways of treatment of diseases. It is necessary to observe a confinement to bed, to use safe drops for a nose, a throat to rinse warm sodo-salt solutions, to drink tea with honey and milk. Safe the best means at cold if you are tormented by headaches which always accompany Tighten Loose Skin After Pregnancy such illnesses. Other preparations should be accepted only under the doctor's instruction. Remember that is better to avoid chemical means which judging by advertising messages, struggle at once with all symptoms of a flu and cold - they can strongly do much harm to the child.

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How to SURVIVE the loss of your pregnancy

2010-01-20T08:33:00.001-08:00

How to SURVIVE the loss of your pregnancy

For the first time the mention of a toxicosis as to an aetiology meets at Paracelsus (sixteenth century) who distinguished illnesses from external and internal poisons. The further studying of toxicoses has begun only in three hundred years, in the middle of the nineteenth century. But till now it is impossible to tell, that all mechanisms of occurrence of this condition are studied.

What is the toxicosis and why it arises

SURVIVE loss pregnancy (intoxication) - a disease state resulting influence on an organism of toxic (poisonous) substances which have arrived in an organism from the outside (for example, toxins of activators of an infection - loss pregnancy) or have been synthesised by a organism as a result of infringement of exchange processes (for example, a toxicosis of pregnant women - endogennyj loss).

Sharp toxicoses arise at receipt in an organism of poisonous substances in obviously toxic doses and are characterised by the sharp beginning and the expressed signs of a poisoning. The chronic toxicosis arises at long regular influence on an organism of small doses of toxic substances.

To SURVIVE loss pregnancy number of the substances collecting in an organism at various diseases, chemical compounds of the various nature concern: products of transformation of fibers, amino acids, fats. Biologically active substances matter also: loss pregnancy, allocated at damage of cages of fabrics. At infectious diseases there is an accumulation of bacterial toxins and other products of ability to live of bacteria, and also products of disintegration of fabrics.

The mechanism of occurrence of toxicoses

The mechanism of toxicoses basically consists in damaging action of poison on those or other cellular structures and infringement of exchange processes in an organism. In most cases such damages happen reversible, but sometimes there is a cell (dying off). Matter also reaction nervous and loss pregnancy, and also involving in process of other bodies and systems.

To toxicosis development resists special systems of an organism which provide chemical transformation of toxic substances into less toxic or soluble substances which are giving in to deducing from an organism. These processes occur to participation of fermental systems of an organism. The poisons arriving in blood, get to a liver and partially in it will be neutralised. The intoxication develops at receipt in an organism of poisons in the quantity exceeding possibilities of disinfecting systems.

Signs loss pregnancy

The toxicosis can be caused the toxic products formed in an organism at various diseases (for example, burns, infections etc.). Sometimes the toxicosis defines signs of this or that disease (for example, at chronic nephritic insufficiency).

SURVIVE loss pregnancy current is substantially defined by character of the basic disease. So, for example, at a toxic craw under the influence of the raised development of hormones of a thyroid gland there is a proof tachycardia (strong palpitation), a weight loss, eyeballs. At an uraemia (a final stage of nephritic insufficiency) there are inflammation phenomena in places of allocation of nitrogenous slags, on a skin there are crystals of uric acid - «uraemic powder». In some cases the toxicosis can proceed in the form of a heavy sharp poisoning with vomiting, block and consciousness loss (for example, sharp nephritic insufficiency).

Signs loss pregnancy

loss arises owing to action of the poisons which have got on a skin and mucous membranes, inhalations of steams or aerosols, poison receipt in a gastroenteric path. In some cases a toxicosis source is not the substance which has got to an organism, and products of its disintegration.

The current loss pregnancy depends on what poison and in what dose influences an organism. Selectivity of action of various poisons causes development of those or other signs: a spasm of lungs, hypostases, spasms etc. Heavy loss can proceed with infringements of breath, blood circulation, nephritic and hepatic insufficiency, a coma. At a poisoning with some with poisons psychoses are possible.

At long action of small doses of poisons in the beginning there are changes from nervous and systems and only signs, characteristic for this poison then join.

The general principles of treatment of toxicoses

Treatment of toxicoses consists, first of all, in neutralisation and removal of toxic substances from an organism (stomach washing, introduction of a considerable quantity of a liquid in a vein with simultaneous introduction of diuretic preparations, intake of substances on which poisons with the subsequent deducing from an organism are besieged) and restoration of all functions. At heavy intoxications treatment is spent in hospital branch. Enter antidote (if poison is established and for it there is an antidote).

Treatment loss pregnancy is a treatment of the basic disease with simultaneous removal of an intoxication.

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About Early Detection Home Pregnancy Tests

2010-01-20T08:18:00.000-08:00

About Early Detection Home Pregnancy Tests

Some days of a delay monthly are capable to exhaust even the most unperturbable woman if she has bases to believe, that it is pregnant. And as full absence of Early Detection Pregnancy Tests sexual contacts it is clear can give absolute confidence of the return only, that similar feelings are tested often almost by each woman. For someone this information becomes a starting point of a new long-awaited condition of pregnancy, and to someone will add efforts as not planned forthcoming addition in a family.

Most authentically define the fact of presence of pregnancy you can, having visited the accoucheur-gynecologist of our clinic. The doctor is capable to carry out exact Early Detection Pregnancy Tests diagnostics of a condition of the woman, to help with definition of further tactics concerning wearing out or pregnancy interruption.

So, if you have bases for excitements take advantage of next ways of definition of pregnancy.

Delay monthly - the essential basis to suspect pregnancy only in the event that at you a regular menstrual cycle. The irregularity of menstruations About Early Detection Pregnancy depends on set of factors, it both hormonal failure, and influence of environment, illness, a drug intake, Early Detection Pregnancy Tests physical or emotional stress. Therefore women with an unstable cycle need to wait some days and, probably, in couple of days monthly nevertheless will begin.

Each woman, especially if is it not the first pregnancy, can find out in itself signs of approach of pregnancy. Certainly, they not at all are identical, but one of the most widespread subjective sensations are unexpected irritability, fast fatigue, constant drowsiness, changes in mammary glands.

Some women, it is literally from first days of pregnancy, torment such symptoms, as a nausea and vomiting, absence of appetite or, on the contrary, its increase,Early Detection Pregnancy Tests locks, hypostases, faints, dizzinesses, migraines. To them pains in a back, a sleeplessness, the raised temperature a little bit later can be added.
Ways of definition of pregnancy

For pregnancy definition it is possible to take advantage of house About Early Detection Pregnancy tests. They are on sale in each drugstore and are remarkable way of definition of pregnancy already in the first days of a delay. Tests by detection in urine of the raised level of hormones which are developed only in pregnancy operate. To use them it is very simple: having lowered a test strip in an urine small amount, after a while (about 5-10 minutes) by quantity of the painted strips you can draw a conclusion on presence or absence of pregnancy.

Efficiency of tests not so high, is considered, that it fluctuates from 40 to 85 % whereas manufacturers insist on figure 99 of %. Correctly carried out house test most Early Detection Pregnancy Tests possibly testifies to presence or absence of pregnancy, however, its reliability is influenced by some factors. For example, reception of certain medicines, non-observance of time of an exposition of a test plate, infringement of periods of storage of the test can lead to that the test will give out you erroneous result. Such test also will show extra-uterine pregnancy, but here to distinguish it to independently you not under force - it is necessary to address to the doctor.

100 % an effective way of definition of pregnancy - a campaign to the gynecologist. The expert will inspect, if necessary takes blood and urine analyses and will define presence or absence of pregnancy.

In one more reliable way of definition of pregnancy is ultrasonic. Ultrasonic inspection is capable to define pregnancy approach for 5-6 day of a delay of a menstruation. If to Early Detection Pregnancy Tests inspect by means of the special gauge which is entered into a vagina it can be made even earlier. On such small term of ultrasonic can show in a uterus the egg, which diameter about 5 mm. Ultrasonic inspection can establish not only pregnancy on any term, but to define development of extra-uterine pregnancy. Ultrasonic inspection you also can pass in our clinic.

Thus, by means of modern methods the expert can define pregnancy approach even on the earliest term.

In our clinic the advanced and exact methods excluding probability of an error of treatment of result are applied to pregnancy definition.

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How to Choose a Pregnancy Body Pillow

2010-01-20T07:56:00.000-08:00

How to Choose a Pregnancy Body Pillow

At inspection of the pregnant woman some stages of development of a fruit which demand the control are Pregnancy Body Pillow allocated. Healthy pregnant women should be observed by the accoucheur-gynecologist under the certain scheme. If the woman adheres to the scheme of supervision recommended to it the risk of a birth of the sick child is reduced to a minimum.

Pregnancy definition

On pregnancy the woman usually spends the very first analysis itself, in house conditions by means of special test systems which are on sale in drugstores. Laboratory methods of diagnostics of pregnancy are based on definition in urine or blood of the woman of Pregnancy Body Pillow ganadotropin of the person (HGCH) - a hormone which appears only at pregnancy. Synthesis HGCH begins with the first days of pregnancy and proceeds before sorts. By means of test systems HGCH it is defined in urine about 3-5 days after conception.

After the test for pregnancy has appeared positive, it is necessary to visit female consultation to confirm the diagnosis even if you disturbs nothing. It is necessary to give birth to the healthy kid, first of all. Those women who in due time do not get registered, as a rule, have further many problems.

Now to diagnostics of early terms of pregnancy apply the methods based on ability of an organism to develop an antibody, capable to neutralise alien particles (antigenes) intruded in an Pregnancy Body Pillow organism. For carrying out of such reaction standard whey for the laboratory researches, containing antibodies to HGCH bearing on itself antigene HGCH undertakes. If to them to add the urine of the pregnant woman containing HGCH it will take an antigene place remain not changed, at addition of urine of not pregnant woman will stick together in antibodies.

Analyses during I trimester of pregnancy (from the beginning till 12 weeks)

To be assured in the health and Pregnancy Body Pillow health of the future child, the woman should spend a number of researches:

* the blood analysis on hormones (HGCH, a progesterone, etc.). This research is spent with 8 for 13 week of pregnancy; decrease in whey of blood of these hormones specifies in risk on risk of a birth of the child with developmental anomaly or with genetic frustration;
* research of dabs on the latent infection (on hlamids, mycoplasmas), and as general dab on flora for an exception of inflammatory process and bacterial (a vagina dysbacteriosis when the normal microflora of a vagina is destroyed and expands pathogenic, without inflammation signs) any infection can cause;
* blood on pre-natal and as Pregnancy Body Pillow blood on a HIV, hepatitises In and With, a syphilis.
* group and Rhesus factor definition; these indicators can cause incompatibility of blood of mother and the child; they are necessary for knowing in time to help to avoid troubles;
* the general analysis of blood; in blood at pregnancy there are certain changes (for example, the number of leukocytes increases, it is accelerated SOE); at the same time the general analysis of blood can reveal proceeding disease is hidden.

Analyses during II trimester of pregnancy (with 12 till 24 weeks)

On 15-21 week of pregnancy the Pregnancy Body Pillow threefold hormonal test consisting of three hormones is carried out.

These analyses allow to reveal risk of genetic diseases. Low level AFP, and (or) high level HGCH can specify in high risk of a birth of the child with genetic infringements. The alpha-fetoproteina specifies high level in possible developmental anomaly of nervous Pregnancy Body Pillow system and a forward belly wall. At lowered AFP, high figures AFP, high figures HGCH consultation genetics is appointed.

The general analysis of blood for the purpose of revealing of various diseases of the pregnant woman is besides, carried out.

Analyses during III trimester of pregnancy (since 24 weeks before sorts)

At correct and timely supervision of the pregnant woman in female consultation in III trimester of pregnancy of analyses it is not required (except the general analysis of blood). Thus the risk of that the child can be born the patient, is very low, but nevertheless it is, therefore the control over its condition should be. But it is carried out by means of Pregnancy Body Pillow ultrasonic research (in 32-34 weeks).

Directly ahead of sorts repeatedly to hand over analyses blood on an infection (a HIV, viruses of a hepatitis And and With, the syphilis) is an obligatory condition for stay in maternity hospital.

If you during pregnancy in due time carried out all analyses appointed the doctor and ultrasonic researches it is possible to be quite assured that the child will be born the healthy.

At an early stage of pregnancy, your body sends signals in reply to cardinal hormonal changes. Substantial growth of level of a hormone conducts to some appreciable symptoms. Usually these symptoms are not shown until the menstruation delay will not be found out in you. Through one or couple of weeks these symptoms start to say that you have become pregnant. However the fruit remains imperceptible about Pregnancy Body Pillow sixteen weeks after conception.

The basic symptoms of pregnancy.

The most widespread the symptoms observed within three-ten weeks after conception, are spasms in the bottom part of a tummy, bent for to certain food, the nausea or feeling of vomiting, morning indispositions, the weariness, the raised palpitation and locks - breasts become sensitive, swelled up and inflamed. Many notice, that the area round nipples becomes more and more darkly. Experts suggest to keep account a Pregnancy Body Pillow menstrual cycle to define its infringement. If at an initial stage of pregnancy you start to feel the changes listed more low, you should carry out the test for pregnancy.

Approximately in eleven or twelve days after implantation of eggs the small bleeding can begin. For this reason this symptom is called as a bleeding. Usually this bleeding grows out of fertilisation of eggs and their attachment to a uterus. During implantation the embryo is pasted to a uterus wall, that in turn causes a small bleeding which is absolutely normal symptom. Such bleeding is more light, than a usual bleeding.

As the pregnancy sign, during absence of a menstruation at you can be observed small rise in temperature in the bottom area of a body.

Presence of some hormones in your organism in pregnancy can cause intestines relaxation therefore digestion process is slowed down, causing the locks which are one of signs of pregnancy.

In process of uterus development, it starts to press on an artery of your feet therefore the blood pressure decreases, and you feel giddy. At an early stage of pregnancy you can feel Pregnancy Body Pillow some slackness if some time abstained from food intake. Slackness at an early stage of pregnancy is caused by the low maintenance of sugar in blood which is the embryo power supply. For maintenance of level of sugar in blood regularly use in food the lungs useful to health of a dish.

Other distinct sign of pregnancy is the strengthened sense of smell. The asthma can cause even a smell of your favourite spirits. Smells of gas, an oblique grass, various kinds of food, cigarettes can cause in you nausea attacks that grows out of a by-effect of Pregnancy Body Pillow movement of hormones of an estrogen in your organism.

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How to Do a Home Pregnancy Test For Only a Dollar

2010-01-20T07:38:00.000-08:00

Action of the test for definition of early pregnancy is based on definition of a specific hormone of pregnancy - ganadotropin (HGCH) which starts to be developed in 1 day after implantation (attachment) of the impregnated egg to a uterus wall.
How there is a conception?
Maturing of an egg and its exit from an Home Pregnancy Test Dollar ovarie ovulation occurs approximately for 14 days prior to the beginning of a menstruation at a 28-day menstrual cycle.

Fertilisation of this egg probably approximately during 3 - 4 days. According to various authors, fertilisation terms can be from 12 - 24 hours till 7 days. The survival rate of spermatozoas in a female henital path depends in many respects on properties of a seed liquid. Mobility of Home Pregnancy Test Dollar spermatozoas remains longer, than their ability to fertilisation.

After eggs fertilisation moves ahead on a pipe in a uterus cavity. Germ transportation in a direction to a uterus proceeds during 5 - 6 days. Having reached the uterus cavity, the impregnated egg during some time is in a free condition and on 6 - 7 days of the pre-natal period are attached ("sticks") to an endometris then starts to take root actively in mucous a uterus (is implanted).

Since this moment pregnancy starts to develop, as is reflected by development of a hormone of pregnancy - ganadotropin. Thus, some days prior to an expected menstruation, in an organism there Home Pregnancy Test Dollar are traces HGCH which can be defined in urine house methods from 1st day of a delay of a menstruation.

In medical institutions spend definition HGCH in blood, revealing pregnancy some days prior to term of an expected menstruation, since sensitivity of a "blood" method much above.

The mechanism of work of the test for pregnancy
In tests for pregnancy it is used - the version of the analysis based on interaction of defined substance (usually albuminous nature) with antibodies to it. By the same principle of interaction the antigene-antibody works immune system of an organism, from here and the name.

As defined substance ganadotropin of the person (HGCH) - a hormone allocated with a placenta during pregnancy serves. Occurrence and fast growth of concentration HGCH in an organism (and in particular, in urine) women does by its authentic enough sign of pregnancy. Usually, for 7-10th day after fertilisation, concentration HGCH reaches 25 mme/ml (international units on ml) and doubles each 2-3 days, reaching a maximum between 8th and 11th weeks of pregnancy, and then decreases practically to zero to the beginning of 3rd trimester. 25 mme/ml are the minimum concentration HGCH detected by means of tests.

The test strip contains (fragile connection) antibodies to HGCH with dye. When the sample of urine moves on an absorbing strip, contacts HGCH and forms a complex an antigene-antibody. In a zone of positive reaction ("a pregnant strip") the complex contacts anti-hgch-antibodies. Dye is thus liberated and the red-pink strip is formed. If HGCH in the sample is absent, any strip, clearly, it is not formed. In the meantime urine moves further, passes a zone of positive reaction and reaches zones of Home Pregnancy Test Dollar negative reaction ("a control strip"). There untied the antibody-dye communicates reagents of a control strip, dye is liberated and the second (control) strip of the same red-pink colour is formed. All reactions occur during 3-5, 7 minutes are more rare

In not too qualitative tests dye can earlier, than all complex will reach an antibody-hgch-dye of reactionary zones, forming indistinct stains. They also are accepted more often to result. The present positive results meet much less often and are caused by quite concrete reasons. Also the weak second strip can be shown if to "overdo" the test, i.e. to read out indications not in 5 minutes specified on packing, and later. Such line results from evaporation of water from a test surface from what collapse dye is liberated. So it is not necessary to wait for 10 mines instead of 5 that "precisely to be convinced".

As precisely to carry out all instructions and correctly interpret results of the test each woman, doctors, especially an old school can not, are not inclined to trust tests.
What defines the test for pregnancy?
The test for pregnancy defines ganadotropin of the person (HGCH) - a hormone allocated with a placenta from the moment of implantation of an embryo in a wall of a uterus during all pregnancy. Reliability of this test rather high - is not present a placenta, is not present and HG. HGCH it is possible to define as in blood (in laboratory), and in urine (in laboratories and houses)
For what day after ovulation it is possible to carry out the test?
Basically, the positive result can be received for 7th day after ovulation. On embryo implantation 6-12 days, usually about 10 days are necessary. So it makes sense to wait for 10-12 days after ovulation, but even in this case often there are negative results (i.e., pregnancy is, but the test negative).

Tests of different manufacturers have various sensitivity, the majority of them are calculated on use from 1st day of a delay of the monthly. In 90 % yo 5 % of cases by this time the embryo is already implanted into a wall of a uterus and starts to develop HGCH. However in 10 % of cases of implantation has not occurred yet. At a delay in Home Pregnancy Test Dollar 1 week implantation occurs already in 97 % yo 3 % of cases. However in practice reliability of tests is limited by their sensitivity, so real reliability a little bit more low. As level HGCH doubles each 2-3 days, the recommendation from here follows: at negative result if the monthly do not begin to repeat the test in some days.
What mean results of the test?
The positive result is when the test shows two strips for lack of pregnancy. So happens, when the woman accepts the preparations containing HGCH, and also at tumours. After a spontaneous Miscarriage or abortion on early terms or removals of extra-uterine pregnancy HGCH during some time remains in an organism, and the test yields positive results (i.e. pregnancy already is not present, and the test still positive). As well as in case of reception of the preparations containing HGCH, for reception of authentic results it is necessary to make two quantitative definitions HGCH with an interval in 2-3 days. Reduction of level HGCH testifies that pregnancy already is not present. Thus, positive results - a relative rarity, unlike negative. The last turn out when pregnancy term is still too small also level HGCH is too low, that it was found out by the test (or the test in itself insufficiently sensitive).
Reliability of the house test depends on the various reasons:

Quality of the test. Production of different firms can differ considerably.
Working life of the test, condition and place of its storage. It is considered, that in most cases the test can be trusted provided that it is bought in a drugstore.
Pregnancy condition. At the pregnancy which is on the verge of a Miscarriage, HG it will be developed much less, than at normally developing pregnancy.
Conditions of statement of the test: research is necessary for spending, using a morning portion of urine in which the maximum maintenance of a hormone is observed; the test estimation is necessary for spending, adhering to a time interval specified in the instruction.
Additional circumstances. Home Pregnancy Test Dollar Maintenance HG in urine is influenced by a diet and a functional condition of your kidneys.
If overnight you have drunk a lot of liquid either have eaten a water-melon, or accept (diuretics), concentration of hormones in urine will be too low, and the test "will not notice" them.
If you in urine have a fiber (even if you know nothing about it) - the test can yield wrong result.
If to you entered HGCH for the purpose of an ovulation induction (preparations of pregnils) or for phase maintenance traces of this hormone can remain in your organism within 10 days after last reception of a preparation, and, accordingly, the test for pregnancy can yield positive result.
Also level HGCH can be defined in some weeks after normal sorts, sections, spontaneous or medical abortion and in other cases specified above.

As a result it is possible to receive the incorrect information, and in both parties: pregnancy is not present, but the test like the positive. Or: pregnancy is, but the test while the negative. Both that, and Home Pregnancy Test Dollar another happens a source of the big experiences.

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How Does Pregnancy Affect Mood

2010-01-20T05:41:00.000-08:00

How Does Pregnancy Affect Mood

Pregnancy is very joyful, but at the same time and exciting time in a life of each woman. The Pregnancy Affect Mood sensation of pleasure of that in your life pregnancy mood swings shortly will appear the new favourite person, overflows your soul. It would be desirable to soar, fly on wings of happiness and to tell to all world: «I am pregnant!»
Gradually, emotional splash, certainly, ceases, and you start to think of how to make so that pregnancy proceeded in the best way, both for the kid, and for you most.

Basically, the behaviour of the pregnant woman remains former, but it is possible and to expect some changes or exaggerations of former displays of your character. It is quite probable, that mood and emotions will vary as considerably, as well as contours of your Pregnancy Affect Mood body.

Why so occurs?

First, you are under the influence of a large quantity of reproductive hormones. Many women know, that hormonal changes during a menstrual cycle also can make essential impact on behaviour.

Secondly, pregnancy renders additional loading on many vital bodies. Loading on muscles raises, the requirement for blood, oxygen and a food increases; kidneys, heart and lungs work with additional loading. Now you live, breathe and develop not one. You - already two.

In expectation of the Pregnancy Affect Mood child, you begin and, subsequently, get used to play a new social role which means by itself the big independence. As a rule, there are new financial requirements and as practically all your energy leaves on the kid growing every day - you can be incapable pregnancy mood swings physically to look after yourselves. It will not be simple to you to suffice on it time, and can even desires. The feeling of fear, anxiety, alarm also can amplify. Often working women have a deep internal conflict «Career - the child» which, most likely, is supplemented benevolent, but for some reason always irritating councils from loving relatives.

Be prepared for that at you the mood will often vary. Even emotionally steady women, suddenly can have depression periods, or irritability because of trifles. Trifles which never before you excited, suddenly, all of a sudden become extremely important, and can seriously upset you. You for certain will notice, that earlier you almost did not pay attention to the same minor problems, and now can even shout at the favourite husband or suddenly to begin to cry.

Usually future mums start very strongly itself to abuse for a similar sincere condition. They are angry that cannot constrain itself in hands, and in a consequence start to feel fault before the kid that it has been frightened by mum's behaviour.

Nevertheless, even having the hugest desire not to be nervous on trifles to avoid stresses and to warn mood differences - the pregnant woman it will not be possible to avoid them. To avoid "wrong" behaviour it will not be possible even to the most laborious and diligent mum.

The most important thing - to try to explain to the future daddy and close people surrounding you, that the care, guardianship, understanding is necessary to you and you sometimes want, that you have regretted as the small child. If you feel support from your favourite people - pregnancy mood swings you will faster calm down and will strongly not torment yourself with that "have done much harm" to the baby. In no event it is impossible to leave in itself feeling of fault because under the influence of your feelings and an emotional condition bases of mentality of your future fumes are pawned.

It is not necessary to try to protect absolutely itself and the kid from stressful situations. It will cost titanic efforts, and, eventually, can lead to the strong intensity, the latent rage and discomfort. And it is worse for the child, than ordinary splash in emotions. And in general, moderate stresses for the kid who is in "small house" at mummy in a tummy - prepare it for the big, hormones pregnancy mood adult life with all its difficulties, alarms and problems.

It is important to remember all time that pregnancy is not illness:) That is why it is very useful to be engaged in the usual affairs. If you work - do not stop, and if is not present - try to plan to yourself for every day any employment on the house or out of it that your thoughts have been occupied by something.

If suddenly, mood differences become too sharp and frequent, the doctor can register to you the soft soothing. There is a set of means which are absolutely harmless during pregnancy.

To provide the quietest current of your pregnancy, it is necessary for you to limit viewing of telecasts and films which can cause in you stress or any fears. Try to communicate less with people who are unpleasant to you and which can irritate you. Happen on air more often, visit places where it is a lot of greens. Limit itself in listening of aggressive music. The fine effect will be rendered on you by a warm bath, having relaxed in hormones pregnancy mood which, you will put your thoughts in order and will calm yourself and the kid.

Pleasant to you of emotions and the happy permission!

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How to Get Through a New Pregnancy After Suffering a Miscarriage

2010-01-20T05:28:00.000-08:00

How to Get Through a New Pregnancy After Suffering a Miscarriage

Often during pregnancy women have a panic: and suddenly I cannot take out the kid? The doctor tells to readers New Pregnancy After Suffering Miscarriage about, when it is necessary to be afraid for pregnancy how to prevent a Miscarriage and how to live, if this unpleasant event all the same has occurred.

You so waited for this moment - and here your test shows two strips, slightly in the mornings and the happiness, apparently, is very-very close.

Each woman wishes to become sooner or later mother. After all as it is fine and - to present to someone a life!

To feel most as from several sections grows and the small miracle develops. Here at you the tummy is approximated, there New Pregnancy After Suffering Miscarriage passes time - and suddenly you feel a weak push of a tiny leg or the handle.

Whether there is on the Earth a more happiness, than to test it? And who during such moments of euphoria can think about bad, what in a moment all will end?

In modern gynecology the term "Miscarriage" designates not that other, as pregnancy interruption. It can occur on enough early stage of pregnancy. The Miscarriage reasons can become and New Pregnancy After Suffering Miscarriage anomaly of chromosomal type, and every possible hormonal problems, and also problems with health and various infectious diseases. Besides, the Miscarriage can be caused and such reasons, as the age, the traumas got during pregnancy, a wrong way of life and many other things. To learn about a Miscarriage it is possible on some symptoms which the strong bleeding and a pain in the field of a waist, as a rule, concern.

The gynecology pays special attention to Miscarriage problems, after all it is difficult enough process which some stages pass. By scientists also it is considered and some types of Miscarriages. In modern medicine there are such concepts as «Miscarriage threat», «the incomplete or inevitable Miscarriage», «a full Miscarriage», «not taken place Miscarriage», «a repeated Miscarriage», etc. Each of the listed concepts has the features and signs. For example, Miscarriage threat is New Pregnancy After Suffering Miscarriage characterised by occurrence at the earliest stage of pregnancy of bleedings, and they are in turn accompanied by a pain in the field of a waist. The inevitable Miscarriage is an interruption of pregnancy which is characterised by such symptom as expansion of a neck of a uterus, and also is possible occurrence of rupture of a cover of a fruit. At an incomplete Miscarriage there can be spasms, and there is a strong bleeding. The full Miscarriage - when an embryo leaves a uterus.

Treatment of the woman at any Miscarriage, first of all, is directed on a bleeding stop, and also hit prevention to an organism of the woman of this or that infection. For similar treatment special medicines are in most cases used. Thus it is not necessary to forget about visiting of special clinics and female consultations. Many women have a question: «and whether probably to be insured from a Miscarriage?». Doctors are not assured, that the woman can really protect itself from such negative phenomenon at pregnancy as it is a lot of the reasons of occurrence of Miscarriages, but experts will necessarily give some recommendations which will allow to reduce New Pregnancy After Suffering Miscarriage risk of loss of a germ to a minimum.

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How to Strength Training During Pregnancy

2010-01-20T03:02:00.000-08:00

How to Strength Training During Pregnancy

First of all, playing sports during pregnancy should be directed on strengthening of muscles for Strength Training During Pregnancy minimisation of risk of damage of joints and sheaves. In this article you will read about main principles of trainings during pregnancy and other councils about health.
In what of advantage of trainings with burdenings and other kinds of exercises during pregnancy?

The majority of women health and health of kids which they bear care of the. Those women which go in for sports during pregnancy, there are in more favourable position, than what are not engaged.

Advantages of trainings during pregnancy

It is-less than problems during sorts

-Was easier there passes the period of restoration after sorts

It is-less probability of Strength Training During Pregnancy occurrence of headaches and pains in a back

Figure-preservation in a worthy kind

-Feeling of pleasure and health, and also positive self-estimation

Energy-increase

Flexibility-increase

-Increase of aerobic ability

Blood circulation-improvement in finitenesses

-Strengthening of muscles and coordination improvement, that in turn promotes adaptation to increase in weight and changes in a food

-Decrease in probability of the locks connected with pregnancy

It is very important to adhere to some main principles. The pregnant woman is fragile and vulnerable, therefore it is necessary to accept certain safety measures and to be convinced, that exercises with burdenings will not bring harm.

As the woman varies under the Strength Training During Pregnancy influence of pregnancy, trainings should be of use only for its health and promote successful sorts.

What for trainings during pregnancy are necessary?
Changes in an organism, connected with pregnancy, can create set of problems for the woman. Many of these problems are connected with easing of muscles as a result of activity decrease, and also additional stress to which the organism because of addition in weight during pregnancy is exposed.

Playing sports in general and trainings with burdening in particular helps to strengthen muscles stabilizers and to facilitate pains in a back, to lower the general weakness of muscles and the joints, connected with pregnancy. The best exercises during this period - what do not cause an overstrain.

In particular, avoid exercises at which Strength Training During Pregnancy performance it is necessary to lay on a tummy as it gives loading on a tummy and hurts. Concentrate on work with groups of muscles which most of all are exposed to loadings during pregnancy and sorts is better.

Following exercises are recommended:

Press of personal training pregnancy dumbbells on a bench - for a thorax

With dumbbells - on trapezoid muscles

Cultivation of dumbbells in the parties - for muscles

For the bottom department of a back

Twisting - on abdominal tension muscles

The data and cultivation of hips in a training apparatus - on taking away and resulting muscles of a hip

As to aerobic exercises, they should be included in system of trainings as though you trained in a usual mode. Disposal of slags, growing thin and improvement of work of heart - here 3 basic advantages of aerobics. For this purpose it is enough 20-30-минутной walk by fast step 3-4 times a week.

Main principles and safety measures
After we have considered exercises and recommendations to their performance, we will consider some basic moments of trainings.

During pregnancy in an organism of the woman there are changes which can affect safety of trainings. Most important of these changes are connected with heart work.

During pregnancy the blood volume in an Strength Training During Pregnancy organism increases almost by 40 %, and the more blood circulates in a body, the heart faster should fight. As a result of it the pulse rate and minute volume of heart increases. There can be a dizziness as the big veins in a back which drive blood from the bottom finitenesses to heart, are exposed to additional loadings.

It should be considered during performance of exercises. It is not recommended to carry out exercise at which it is necessary to lay on a back and to lift upwards feet.

As to minute volume of heart is better to watch loadings and a pulse rate. It should not exceed 140 blows in a minute, differently it will lead to excessive loading of heart and weariness. Precisely to supervise pulse, buy (the monitor of a warm rhythm).

During pregnancy in an organism there are metabolic and hormonal changes. Because of the accelerated metabolism the body temperature raises. It can do serious harm to fruit health. In the first trimester of pregnancy (the first 4 weeks) the pregnant woman and a fruit are most of all vulnerable. To avoid possible complications, drink more liquids to, during time and after employment, avoid employment in a hot and damp premise, do frequent breaks during personal training pregnancy employment that the temperature has settled into shape.

Hormonal changes mention secretion of hormones of an estrogen, a progesterone, elastin more often. The connecting fabric and joints are softened and relax, preparing for sorts. Because of these changes the risk increases to be traumatised during performance of power exercises.
To avoid the given problems, never too Strength Training During Pregnancy be stretched and strongly be not bent, warmed up longer usual and avoid exercises during which time it is necessary to do, jump or carry out sharply something any power exercises.

Besides the changes connected with pregnancy, and their consequences, it is necessary to take into consideration the following:

Do not hold the breath, constantly inhale and exhale. In general, exhale, when do intense effort.

Drink a lot of liquid to, during time and after exercises to avoid dehydration

More often check, whether abdominal tension muscles have dispersed. During pregnancy hormonal changes can cause occurrence of the central seam in belly muscles that they were stretched as the child develops and the tummy grows.

Exercises on an abdominal tension help to prevent a divergence of belly muscles but if it happens the following is necessary to do: lay down on a back, bend knees, stops put on a floor. Hands Strength Training During Pregnancy put on a tummy so that fingers specified in a bone. Exhale, and slowly lifting a head and shoulders, slightly press fingers a tummy. It will help belly muscles to incorporate.

It is necessary to avoid the physical activity demanding raised coordination. Because of increase in weight, more elastic sheaves and mobile joints, and also displacement of the centre of gravity ability of the woman to operate the muscles worsens.

Before employment it is necessary to stretch muscles correctly

Will not prevent to lower quantity of spent energy. The more the weight increases, the it is required to energy more, and the feeling of weariness will arise that is more often.

And, at last, the most important thing: before to start any exercises, consult with the doctor as there can be contra-indications which the doctor can define only.

Recommendations about a food
As a rule, during pregnancy level of the sugar containing in blood, can sharply fall. Besides, during exercises in blood it is thrown out (a hormone which is responsible for receipt of sugar in Strength Training During Pregnancy cages for the further processing). The pregnant woman training too assiduously and too long, can feel sharp dizziness and weakness as a brain as a food uses only glucose from blood (sugar). It can lead to bruises, and even to the worst consequences. To avoid these troubles, 2 times are necessary for 60-90 minutes prior to the beginning of training to accept food with the high maintenance of carbohydrates (for example, rice or a potato).

The eutrophy during trainings and, certainly, during pregnancy is extremely important. For a long time already it is known, that one of the major vitamins in pregnancy is folic acid. It is necessary for cell fission, growth and development of all bodies and fabrics, normal development of a germ, processes. Takes part in formation of leukocytes of all uniform elements of blood. Thereupon the sufficient maintenance of folic acid in a diet of the pregnant woman also is very actual. It is especially important in the first trimester of pregnancy when the basic structures of nervous system of a fruit are formed also. It is recommended to accept 400 mkg of folic acid a day.

Folic acid contains in natural products, such as spinach, an onions, salad and other garden greens. In some ready grain porridges enough of folic acid contains. Folic acid also use as the additive for digestion and state of health improvement.

The conclusion
Pregnancy - the special period during which time in an organism of the woman there is a present revolution. Hormonal and cardiovascular changes, changes of a metabolism and sugar level in blood create conditions at which it is necessary to accept additional safety measures, especially it concerns physical exercises.

Instead of absolutely refusing physical exercises, and, means, and advantage which they can bring, is better continue to train, having taken advantage of councils from this article. Mother Strength Training During Pregnancy expecting the child, can facilitate process of changes in the organism, keep beauty and grace of a figure by means of physical exercises.

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How to Handle a Fever During Pregnancy

2010-01-20T02:59:00.001-08:00

How to Handle a Fever During Pregnancy

It is interesting to future mum to learn, how its organism varies. And, certainly, how grows and its kid within Fever During Pregnancy 40 weeks of pregnancy develops. When at remains heart starts to fight, eyes open, on what term formation of various bodies comes to an end? Whether he hears music and whether distinguishes smells?

All it occurs gradually. The first trimester of pregnancy - the most important. During this period there is a bookmark of bodies and systems of the Fever Pregnancy kid. In the second trimester - approximately by 15-16 week - it is possible to define a sex of future child. In the middle of pregnancy (approximately on 20 week) mum starts to feel a fruit. In the third trimester (from 28 weeks) the fruit considerably adds in weight, occurs its Fever During Pregnancy bodies. If the child is born after 28 weeks of pregnancy has chance to survive at special leaving. However normal childbirth attacks "in time" to 36-42 week of pregnancy.

The pregnancy calendar will be the true assistant throughout nine months, every week giving the helpful information on the future child and changes in your state of health.

The woman always remains the woman. It would like to look attractive life on any piece, including during pregnancy. And what young mum does not dream to return a figure as soon as Fever During Pregnancy possible?

Not the secret, that during pregnancy appearance of the woman varies. But if some changes are quite expected and pleasant (the approximated tummy tuck pregnancy , the increased breast) others give certain trouble. Most of all upset future mums of a problem with a skin - pigmentation strengthening on all body and especially on the person («a mask of pregnant women»), skin extensions. Many of these problems are caused genetically, therefore to cope with them uneasy. It is more reasonable to take Fever During Pregnancy preventive measures - to adjust a food allowance, to take advantage of special creams.

After a birth of the child the woman the excess weight, the appreciable tummy, the breast which has lost the ideal form can disturb, extensions. These problems can be reduced to a minimum if to start to care of Fever Pregnancy appearance in pregnancy. Struggle for a beautiful figure can be continued soon after sorts: young mum can adjust the food allowance, having excluded sweet, fat and fried and also to be engaged in strengthening of muscles of a tummy (in 1,5-2,5 months after sorts) and breasts. Long Fever During Pregnancy walks will go on advantage not only to the kid, but also your figure. Massage, a contrast shower, pool visiting will help to improve and fix a positive effect.

However it is not necessary to be upset, if to you not on forces to cope with any problem. Address for consultation to the doctor-cosmetician, and it necessarily will help. By means of achievements of modern medicine you can get rid of extensions, correct a figure, improve the breast form … But it is not necessary to take a great interest: have in view of, the overwhelming Fever During Pregnancy majority of men love the wives such what they are.

Future mum should concern medicines with the big care. The matter is that many preparations, especially at their application in the first trimester of pregnancy, can change rates of growth of cages, fabrics, bodies, causing developmental anomalies of a fruit. Besides, medicines can weaken a placenta blood-groove, break a metabolism between an organism of mother and the child, to provoke premature birth.

Before application of any preparation and even medicinal grasses the pregnant woman should consult to the doctor necessarily. As a last resort (if the medicine is necessary, and the doctor is inaccessible) it is necessary to study the summary attentively. Whether in it the preparation will be necessarily specified, resolved at pregnancy and feeding by a Fever During Pregnancy breast, and the list of contra-indications is resulted.

Unfortunately, to do without medicines within nine months to you hardly it will be possible. To avoid unpleasant unexpectedness, it is better to collect the first-aid set of future mum in advance. Besides special vitaminno-mineral complexes there it is necessary to include (preliminary having secured with the consent of the doctor) means against the most typical "pregnant" Fever Pregnancy problems: a heartburn, locks, a headache.

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How to Control Pregnancy Weight Gain

2010-01-20T02:26:00.000-08:00

How to Control Pregnancy Weight Gain

Future mum needs to show consideration for the health especially. In an ideal, even in pregnancy planning it is desirable to be Control Pregnancy Weight Gain checked up on sexual infections and to hand over blood on antibodies to hlamids, a herpes, a cytomegalovirus. The matter is that these infections, as a rule, proceed imperceptibly, and the woman can not know that is sick. However at pregnancy microbes make fatal impact on a fruit, causing developmental anomalies and other infringements. For this reason it is important to reveal and treat these illnesses in early pregnancy weight gain advance.

One more infection which it is necessary to be afraid especially to pregnant women,-. At the women who have caught a virus in the first trimester of pregnancy, the risk of a birth of the child with plural developmental anomalies, and also an abortion considerably increases. To secure itself against this infection, it is desirable to inoculate from a Control Pregnancy Weight Gain minimum 3 months prior to planned pregnancy.

In case of not planned pregnancy to the woman also will appoint analyses to the sexual and "latent" infections. Do not panic, if what or from tests disease presence reveals. Competently picked up treatment will lower risk of infection of a fruit, and attentive supervision over its condition (by means of the threefold test, ultrasonic) will early pregnancy weight gain allow to reveal possible problems on early terms of pregnancy.

Fruitless it is considered marriage in which, despite a regular sexual life without application of contraceptive means, pregnancy at the woman does not arise within a year. Today every fifth family Control Pregnancy Weight Gain faces this problem approximately.

The majority of cases of man's and female barreness the married couple gives birth to the child natural by. Unfortunately, happens and so, that the barreness reason is found, but to eliminate it it is not possible by means of medicines, even surgical by.

Nevertheless, such pairs nevertheless have chance to conceive the child. To make it it is possible, having addressed in the specialised clinics, engaged in artificial fertilisation.

Now following techniques of artificial fertilisation are applied:

Egg fertilisation in a test tube and its premise is direct in a uterus cavity;
Use of the improved sperm of the man;
Artificial (it is applied at Control Pregnancy Weight Gain sexual weakness at the man, insufficient quantity or activity of spermatozoas in natural conditions, allergic reaction of an organism of the woman to sperm components;
Sperm donor service;
donor eggs
Donor eggs use of a donor egg).

If also these techniques appear unsuccessful, the unique chance to get «genetically» the child - to take advantage of the of services of substitute mother. To steams for which this method is unacceptable for ethical and other reasons, it is not necessary to Pregnancy Weight Gain despair. To learn pleasure of paternity and motherhood it is possible, having adopted the child who has remained without parents.

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How to Deal With Pregnancy Stress

2010-01-20T01:58:00.000-08:00

How to Deal With Pregnancy Stress

When pregnancy approaches end, a question on where to give birth, becomes especially actual. Certainly, it is Deal Pregnancy Stress possible to rely on will of a case - with the beginning of fights to go to the nearest maternity home or to cause "fast". However it is more reasonable to be prepared for forthcoming event in advance: after all how there will pass childbirth, health of young Stress mum and the child will depend in many respects.

First of all, the woman should choose the maternity home as much as possible Deal Stress meeting its requirements. Thus a conditions of life, an admissibility of presence of the husband on the sorts, applied anaesthesia, possibility of a choice of a pose for sorts (if you plan vertical childbirth), joint or separate stay with the child are usually considered. Qualification and experience of Deal Pregnancy Stress doctors, the polite and attentive relation of medical staff has great value.

To receive the necessary information it is possible, having interrogated girlfriends and acquaintances, having familiarised with stories about sorts and responses about maternity homes on the Internet, and personally having visited interesting maternity home. Having picked up optimum clinic, it is possible to go further away. After the conclusion of the contract with maternity home or the insurance company, the woman has an opportunity a choice of the Stress concrete Deal Stress doctor which will deliver, and also a Deal Pregnancy Stress guarantee of a comfortable conditions of life.

In the event that the husband and the wife have done the utmost for preparation of successful sorts process of a birth of the child, most likely, will leave pleasant memoirs, and the kid will be born healthy and strong. Good childbirth is not so difficult if to spend all-round preparation, to think over "alternate routes" and accurately to follow the plan.
Natural childbirth or Cesarean section

Before to choose, where to give birth, it is necessary to know, whether you will give birth natural by or the Cesarean section is necessary to you. A Cesarean section spend under medical indications: a narrow basin, a retina dystrophy, very large fruit (discrepancy of the sizes of a fruit to the Deal Pregnancy Stress sizes of a basin), wrong position of a fruit (for example, cross-section or slanting), an aggravation of chronic diseases of mother, a late toxicosis. Sometimes Deal Stress one diagnosis happens insufficiently - the combination of several of the listed problems is necessary.

In some countries practise a Cesarean section at will of the woman. With its help some pregnant women hope to avoid such problems, as a patrimonial pain, increase in the sizes of a vagina, cuts. However the majority of doctors consider a Cesarean section at will unjustified. It is connected by that having avoided one problems, women can get others, frequently Deal Pregnancy Stress more serious - first of all it is neurologic problems at the Stress child, longer postoperative period, complexities with a lactation, to impossibility further to give birth "normal" by.

At sorts natural by the woman can choose itself, in what pose to give birth. Already for anybody not a secret, that the vertical pose of the lying-in woman is most physiologic for sorts, promotes faster disclosing of a neck of a uterus, effective attempts. It is connected by that efforts of future mum are helped also by a gravity forcing the child faster to move ahead downwards. If for future mum this Deal Stress moment is basic, it is necessary for it to choose in advance maternity home where practise vertical childbirth.

In the chosen maternity home it is possible to give birth free of charge. By the way, it is free - not necessarily means badly. If the lying-in woman carefully chose maternity home, has got acquainted with doctors practising there, has heard many positive responses about this maternity home most likely childbirth will pass safely. After all "free" same doctors, as "paid". Having paid for childbirth, you can receive only more comfortable conditions of life and Stress more attentive relation (though and it is unessential) from the doctor.

Pay for childbirth or the insurance company, or «in cash desk» paid clinic, or to directly doctor who will deliver. In any of these variants there are pluses and minuses. Having paid the insurance company, the woman cannot count on "personal" interest to own childbirth of Deal Pregnancy Stress doctors. They simply do the work, as well as in free branch of maternity home. But the lying-in woman has the right to demand execution of all points of the contract, concerning Deal Stress anaesthesia, presence of the husband on sorts, a conditions of life of postnatal chamber, joint or separate stay with the child, visitings.

Having paid personally to the doctor (as a rule, the smaller sum, than the insurance company), young mum can count on the "" accoucheur-gynecologist and more attentive relation in the block. However such way usually does not guarantee more comfortable conditions of life.
House childbirth

If to carrying out of sorts it is a lot of wishes and among them is such as: not to stimulate childbirth, not to cut, give birth in water, not to wash off first-born greasing, not to do an inoculation it is Deal Pregnancy Stress quite probable, that the maternity homes, satisfying to all wishes, it is possible and not to find. In such as alternative house childbirth serves. Now this practice becomes more and more extended. Also probably it is fast in sew to the Stress country will give birth to houses as often, as in Holland, England, Germany, Finland.

If the husband and the wife have decided to give birth to houses to be prepared for sorts follows with special carefulness. Before sorts the woman should be surveyed, have training comprehensively necessary preparation. It is very important to choose the midwife who will deliver carefully.

It is necessary to buy in advance all necessary medicines, and also "just in case" to find out, where there is the nearest maternity home. Naturally, at house sorts the woman should be assured, that the ambulance car will arrive to the shortest term.

Choosing a place and a way of sorts, future mum should remember, that «the person believes, and the God has». At any Deal Pregnancy Stress moment childbirth can go under not planned scenario and then it is necessary to make quickly the decision on other way of sorts. To it too it is necessary to be ready. For example, in the course of sorts to be found out, that the Cesarean section is necessary, and mother was adjusted only on natural childbirth. Or wished to give birth to Deal Stress houses, and it is necessary to go to Stress maternity home. Change of plans should not become for the lying-in woman the big blow.

In the event that the husband and the wife have done the utmost for preparation of successful sorts process of a birth of the child, most likely, will leave pleasant memoirs, and the kid will be born Deal Pregnancy Stress healthy and strong. Good childbirth is not so difficult if to spend all-round preparation, to think over "alternate routes" and accurately to follow the plan.

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Facts About Conception Pregnancy

2010-01-20T01:47:00.000-08:00

Facts About Conception Pregnancy

Extra-uterine pregnancy - abnormal pregnancy which represents serious threat for a life of the woman and demands the conception pregnancy birth urgent help of the doctor-gynecologist. Instead of developing, as it is necessary, in a uterus, the impregnated egg develops behind its limits. More often (in 99 % of cases) it is fixed in a pipe, but it can appear both in ovaries, and in a belly cavity. Approximately 1-2 % of all Conception Pregnancy are extra-uterine.

Unfortunately, independently to define that developing pregnancy it is abnormal, it is impossible. As well as at normal pregnancy, at the extra-uterine there is a menstruation delay, changes in conception early pregnancy mammary glands are felt, at times there is an easy nausea, the aversion of some products or smells is possible. Meanwhile, complications of extra-uterine pregnancy (in particular a bleeding) represent real threat for a life of the woman.

Not to pass extra-uterine pregnancy, it is necessary to be registered at the gynecologist who will spend necessary inspection.

The risk of extra-uterine pregnancy raises with the years and is highest at women of 35-44 years. To themselves the women, suffering the chronic inflammatory diseases caused by an infection, a mycoplasma or an ureaplasma, and also those who passed treatment concerning trumpet and hormonal barreness should be especially attentive. Besides, the risk group includes women with an endometriosis, ovulation conception pregnancy congenital anomalies of a uterus and pipes. Use as spiral contraception as can provoke extra-uterine pregnancy.
The reasons

This dangerous condition arises, when the egg impregnated in a pipe cannot get to a uterus in time.

The main reason of extra-uterine pregnancy - corking of a pipe or infringement of its reductions.

It can happen at:

Inflammatory process in genitals (ovaries and pipes) - for example, after abortion;
Congenital underdevelopment of pipes;
Hormonal infringements;
Tumours of internal genitals.

If the oosperm has not got to a uterus, it is attached in that place where is, for example, to a pipe wall, and there starts to grow. However the pipe is not intended for fruit development: its thickness conception pregnancy calculator makes only from 1 millimetre to 1,5 centimetres, and the thin and gentle wall is not capable to be stretched, like a uterus. Therefore during any moment of a place for fruit development becomes insufficiently.

Approximately on 4-6th week of extra-uterine pregnancy of an external cover of an embryo sprout a pipe wall - it is broken off, and there is a bleeding in a belly cavity. Thus there is a sharp pain in the bottom of a tummy, faintness, dizziness, and is frequent also consciousness loss. If the large vessel is damaged, the woman can lose a blood considerable quantity that is mortally dangerous.

The pipe, and wall of egg which then is expelled in a belly cavity through the pipe end is sometimes broken off not. This case is called as trumpet abortion. It also is accompanied by a strong pain in the bottom of a tummy, weakness and dizziness, but these conception pregnancy due date symptoms develop, than at pipe rupture more slowly. After a while the pain abates, and at the woman the impression, that with it everything is all right is made. However the proceeding bleeding in a belly cavity can lead to the same heavy consequences, as well as at interrupted with rupture of a pipe of extra-uterine pregnancy.

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How to Have a Green Pregnancy

2010-01-20T01:34:00.000-08:00

How to Have a Green Pregnancy

Pregnancy - the period in a life of the woman when its health demands the greatest attention and the control Have Green Pregnancy from doctors. After all health and a life of the future child in many respects depends on competent conducting pregnancy and sorts.

Within nine months the future mum should visit regularly the doctor-gynecologist, to green discharge pregnancy hand over analyses of blood, urine, to pass ultrasonic and other researches. Accordingly, one of the first questions rising before the woman: where to be observed during pregnancy? Before accepting this critical decision, the pregnant woman Have Green Pregnancy should consider all variants existing now, remembering, that each of them has the minuses and pluses.

The most simple and cheap variant - to be registered in female consultation on a residence. At all advantages (affinity to the house, it is inexpensive) this variant has a number of the important lacks - long turns, not always polite doctors, periodic absence of reactants for analyses.

At desire and a sufficient financial solvency the pregnant woman can choose supervision in one of the specialised paid medical centres. One more "paid" variant - to conclude the contract on conducting pregnancy and sorts with the insurance company. In this case to you supervision by the accoucheur-gynecologist in concrete Have Green Pregnancy medical institution will be guaranteed, the standard set of analyses and researches, hospitalisation in in advance chosen maternity home, conducting sorts by the "" doctor, anaesthesia at a concrete set of services and the price differ depending on the chosen program, prestigiousness of medical institution, a state of health of the client. Unfortunately, and these variants are not deprived lacks: it is possible to face rudeness of medical staff, the unfair approach, "pumping out" of money practically in any clinic.

Having weighed all pro's and con's the woman should choose optimum for itself a variant of the health services giving calmness and confidence of happy end of pregnancy. Do not hesitate to change doctors and clinic in search of the reliable, attentive, knowing expert who can prepare you for the major event in a life - to a birth of the child.

Birth of the child - one of the most joyful moments in a life of the woman. Expectation of the kid is very important and responsible period. Choosing clinic where you will be observed all pregnancy, remember, that this one of the first decisions whom you accept and for which you in the answer before the future child. There are some ways of the Have Green Pregnancy decision of this question, thus will notice, that each variant has the minuses and pluses.

Female consultation on a residence.

To pay money it is necessary once, it is more than that, your payment will be equaled to the sum of expenses at an average statistical current of pregnancy, i.e. without cost of any additional researches and consultations. In the presence of medical indications green feces during pregnancy additional researches and consultations will be spent without surcharges of you, the given expenses will be incurred by the insurance company (it is caused by that responsibility of the insurance company exceeds your payment);
The control over quality and timeliness of the rendered medical services. At the conclusion of the contract you will get acquainted with the curator of your contract which circle of duties includes tracing of services and their quality. Also in staff of the insurance company Have Green Pregnancy there is a medical expert, i.e. the person who will communicate with your doctor in «one language», and then can explain you all popular language.
That many insurance companies have the round-the-clock dispatching panel which employees are highly skilled physicians i.e. if you had any problems or questions not in clinic business hours is important, consultations and the help will be all the same rendered you.
One more moment. You have the right to change the doctor or clinic if something does not suit you is is registered in the contract.

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How to Reduce Swelling Edema Quickly After Pregnancy

2010-01-20T01:04:00.000-08:00

How to Reduce Swelling Edema Quickly After Pregnancy

During pregnancy in an organism of the woman there are considerable physiological changes which provide correct development of a fruit, prepare an organism for forthcoming sorts and feeding. During this uneasy period loading on all bodies and systems of an organism of future mum Reduce Swelling Edema After Pregnancy considerably increases, that can lead to an aggravation of chronic diseases and development of complications.

For this reason to women with diseases of heart, kidneys, a liver, easy and other internal bodies it is recommended to visit corresponding experts and to pass inspection at a stage of planning of pregnancy. At indemnification or an aggravation of diseases treatment after which end the doctor solves a question on a pregnancy admissibility is appointed. Desire to give birth to the child absolutely clearly somewhat quicker, however it is not necessary to neglect own health and a life. Therefore as if Quickly After Pregnancy contra-indication will be Edema found out already during pregnancy, there can Reduce Swelling Edema After Pregnancy be a necessity of its interruption that is extremely undesirable.

If pregnancy has already arisen, it is recommended:

As soon as possible to be registered in female consultation, to pass all necessary experts and to hand over analyses. It will allow to take adequate preventive measures and to be prepared for sorts.
Learn, you should adhere to what mode not to subject to risk of and the future child, how correctly to eat, what medical-sports exercises could help to take out and give birth to you to the child;
Do not pass the visitings of female consultation appointed to you and receptions at the doctor-expert (the cardiologist, the Reduce Swelling Edema After Pregnancy nephrologist), in time pass all ordered inspections;
Do not Edema refuse hospitalisation and a drug intake - on it depends not only your state of health, but also health and a life of your kid.

In many big cities there are the maternity homes specialising on conducting of pregnancy and sorts at women with a various henital pathology: cardiovascular diseases, the Rhesus factor-conflict and various illnesses of blood, infectious diseases, illnesses of kidneys, a pathology and others. Except accoucheurs-gynecologists in these maternity homes experts of Reduce Swelling Edema After Pregnancy corresponding profiles work: cardiologists, surgeons, lung specialists, nephrologists etc., and also necessarily there is an equipment for intensive therapy of newborns.

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How to Confirm Pregnancy

2010-01-05T12:53:00.000-08:00

How to Confirm Pregnancy

confim of pregnancy without tests
Many women at whom the menstruation has not begun during time, ask themselves a question: "pregnancy it or easier delay?". The most reasonable exit is visit to the expert or to carry out the test for pregnancy in house conditions, however it is not always possible. How it is possible to define - whether you are pregnant in other ways?

In the first, there are pregnancy signs.

How to Confirm Pregnancy:

Menstruation delay
Increase or morbidity of a breast and nipples
Colostrum allocation
Nausea and vomiting since morning
Taste change (bent for salty, sour)
Appetite change
Undue fatigability
Irritability
These signs are not exact as frequently the same symptoms can be before a menstruation. Besides many women who are nervous concerning possible pregnancy, start to feel a nausea and other symptoms for the psychological reasons.

The menstruation delay can be not only because of pregnancy. There is a number of the factors influencing ovulation and confim, as consequence, a delay menstruations:
Stress
Travel
Moving
Diseases
Drug intake
Physical activities
Sharp change of weight (for example, after a strict diet)
More exact is temperature measurement

Definition of presence of pregnancy by means of temperature measurement

To define pregnancy thus, it is necessary to know the menstrual cycle and regularly to conduct the schedule of temperatures.

You can be assured, that pregnancy has come, if heats remain for 3 days more than a usual phase of a yellow body (it is a phase after ovulation to the following menstruation, characterised by heats. Temperatures in this phase above 37 degrees). For example, if it usually 12 days, and once became 16 days, probability of pregnancy. By the way to tell, if the first phase (if a cycle not so regular) can be enough different in duration the phase of a yellow body as a whole is very stable and makes 12-14 days. Important: watch yes the second phase of a cycle, instead of all cycle. Duration How to Confirm Pregnancy of a cycle varies basically at the expense of the first phase!

The probability of pregnancy is high, if there is a third level of heats at a usual diphasic cycle. (However, it happens far not at everything, schedules of temperatures are individual enough). Usually the schedule consists of two phases: in the beginning there is a phase of low temperatures, and then, after ovulation, sharply rises upwards is a phase yellow bodies (heats). At pregnancy happens, that after the second phase there is an additional jump (sometimes gradual) temperatures upwards and the schedule becomes three-phase.

If it is observed more than 18 heats successively there has for certain come pregnancy.

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How to Respond to a Pregnancy Crisis

2010-01-05T12:38:00.000-08:00

How to Respond to a Pregnancy Crisis

It is physiological development in a female organism of the impregnated egg; begins with the moment of fertilisation of the egg which have ripened in an ovarie (a female sexual cage) a spermatozoa (a man's sexual cage) and 40 weeks or 280 days from first day of last menstruation proceed in most cases. From the moment of an egg attachment to a uterus mucous membrane formation at first a germ, then a fruit and intensive reorganisation of functions of some systems of an organism of the pregnant woman begins. It change of its state of health (a nausea, dizziness), arising sometimes in the first weeks of pregnancy speaks.

The state of health of the pregnant woman and its behaviour, especially in the first weeks of pregnancy when there is a bookmark of bodies and fruit fabrics, in many respects define character of a current of pregnancy, the further development of a fruit and health of the future child. Any disease of the pregnant woman (a flu, quinsy, a tuberculosis, rheumatism, a diabetes, defeat of kidneys, a liver, etc.), a wrong food, mode infringement, reception of some medicines and, especially, smoking, the use of alcoholic drinks can negatively affect a current of pregnancy and on a fruit. The skilled accoucheurs considering knowledge of national signs, make an instruction for the pregnant women, resulted more low.

Eternal subject of care of the woman - a beautiful breast. It happens the various form, the unequal size and can have a various structure. There is a set of racial distinctions: at east women the breast is widely placed, at Frenchwomen - is highly planted, and at Englishwomen - is low.

The ferruterous fabric of a breast is very sensitive to level of female hormones in blood. In puberty as level of hormones increases, the breast gradually starts to increase. When the menstruation begins, this growth is accelerated and becomes more appreciable. During pregnancy level of hormones sharply increases and accordingly the breast strongly increases. By the end of pregnancy it can increase by 0,7 kg. During all period of pregnancy at pressing a nipple from a breast the small amount of a transparent liquid which is called as a colostrum is allocated. When the child is born, in an organism the hormone starts to be allocated, it gives breasts a signal to start to develop parent milk instead of colostrum is a change occurs approximately in 3 days after sorts. More close by the climacteric period level of female hormones in blood starts to decrease and a chest fabric the same as also the fabric of genitals, becomes more thin also less elastic. Last years it is considered fashionable to go without a bra. This fashion can lead to that women, except at whom a breast very small and easy, can spoil its form. If the big breast not to support, sheaves are stretched, and having stretched, they already never will find the former form and the breast will droop. Even if usually you do not carry a bra, during pregnancy it will be more reasonable to carry a rigid, dense brassiere. At feeding of the child it is possible to take advantage of a special bra with fasteners in front. If the sheaves supporting a breast, are not stretched, it will not change the form and after a birth of the child.

Early toxicoses usually arise in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. They are shown by a depression, bad state of health, sensation of a nausea; for days it can be allocated to 1,5 l and more a saliva. Several times in day there is a vomiting; weakness, irritability, drowsiness, weight reduction are thus marked. Heavy complication of pregnancy is the excessive vomiting arising to 20 times a day not only in the afternoon, but also at night. Such vomiting causes dehydration of an organism and sharp weight reduction of the pregnant woman. The skin becomes dry and flabby, from a mouth there is an unpleasant smell, the body temperature raises, pulse becomes frequent. In this case hospitalisation as the question is put about artificial interruption of pregnancy for rescue of a life of mother is necessary.

It is possible to try coffee; it is the best means stopping vomiting at pregnant women, and removes a headache at a menstruation.

Late toxicoses are accompanied by infringements of functions cardiovascular and central nervous systems, a liver, kidneys and other bodies.

The dropsy of pregnant women concerns late toxicoses.

It is characterised by development of proof hypostases in the last 3 - 4 months of pregnancy. Liquid accumulation is caused by infringement of a vodno-salt exchange and increase of permeability of capillaries. At strongly pronounced hypostases hospitalisation is desirable. At small hypostases it is possible to spend treatment in house conditions. It is necessary to limit reception of salt to 3 - 5 g a day and liquids - to 3 - 4 glasses in day. It is recommended dairy - vegetative food. It is necessary to replace meat with cottage cheese, curdled milk, kefir; days of limited intake of food - 1,5 kg of apples with sugar or cottage cheese (to 1 kg with 160 g sugar) are recommended. It is necessary to use in food products raisin, grapes, melons.

Diet infringement, non-observance of recommendations of the doctor can cause more serious complication - when against hypostases arterial pressure raises, in urine there is a fiber. Fruit development, up to destruction is broken. Treatment needs to be spent only in a hospital.

One of complications in second half of pregnancy - an itch, mainly, in the field of a back. It occurs from pressure of a fruit upon especially sensitive nerves. Rubdown by vodka or douche by barley broth helps. For broth preparation it is necessary to weld 1 kg of barley in a considerable quantity of water and to pour over a body this broth.

But completely the itch passes only after sorts.

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About Early Detection Home Pregnancy Tests

2010-01-05T12:36:00.000-08:00

About Early Detection Home Pregnancy Tests

The most convenient and simple way to diagnose pregnancy on early term - to take advantage of the house test for pregnancy which can be bought in any drugstore.

About Early Detection Home Pregnancy Tests

The house test for pregnancy is based on the same principle, as the test in medical institution. Only in hospital or laboratory it is necessary to hand over blood from a vein on definition, and with the test from a drugstore all is much easier: it is necessary to take only a test strip under a stream of urine or to lower it in urine (is better morning) for some seconds. If in urine there is a pregnancy hormone, means on the test there will be two strips if is not present only one.

Modern tests for pregnancy are effective from first day of a delay of a menstruation (or about 14 days from conception). Some manufacturers write, that their test can already diagnose pregnancy after 7-8 days from the moment of conception, however to rely on it it is not necessary: by this time the hormone can either not be developed at all, or develop in such scanty quantity, that the test will not define it.

It is the most reliable to use the test from first day of a delay of a menstruation. For fidelity it is possible to repeat procedure some times. At acknowledgement of positive result it is possible to assert with very high share of probability, that you are pregnant.

Similar tests diagnoses any pregnancy including extra-uterine, therefore after definition in hormone urine it is necessary to visit the gynecologist as soon as possible. The doctor should confirm presence of pregnancy and exclude diagnosis About Early Detection Home Pregnancy Tests.
What can affect result?

The result can be wrongly positive in the event that you are treated for barreness and accept the specific medical products containing a hormone. If you make the test for pregnancy soon after preparation reception, it can fix absent pregnancy.

Also the raised level remains after interruption of pregnancy during some time (about one week) and if you during this period carry out the test, you will see two strips. It normally also does not mean, that abortion has passed successfully. It will be simple organism still any time to develop the raised quantity of this hormone.

Besides, tests can yield incorrect result, if:

About Early Detection Home Pregnancy Tests
The woman did not observe the instruction;
The test is spent too early;
At occurrence of a hormonedependent tumour;
At dysfunction of ovaries;
At a pregnancy pathology.

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How to Stop Indigestion During Pregnancy

2010-01-05T12:08:00.000-08:00

How to Stop Indigestion During Pregnancy

New research shows, that acupuncture helps Stop Indigestion During Pregnancy. Digestion frustration is one of the most frequent complaints during pregnancy at 45-80 percent of women informing on a heartburn, a pain or discomfort, Indigestion.

Researchers from University in Brazil say the Dignity-paulu, that such signs tend to worsen in process of pregnancy progressing.

36 women participated in research at the age from 15 till 39 years which pregnancy was at a stage of 15-30 weeks.

All women had the diarrhoeia signs, any of them did not resort to acupuncture in the previous year, any had no other reasons which, probably, could cause signs of diarrheas, and one did not have a history of similar problems to pregnancy.

On the average for session 12 needles which have been left in a body within approximately 25 minutes were used.

It has been as a result established How to Stop Indigestion During Pregnancy, that intensity of a heartburn was reduced, at least, to half at 75 percent of the women using acupuncture in comparison with 44-percent of women not receiving it.

This research is published in magazine Acupuncture in Medicine.

Acupuncture, certainly, will help to reduce signs, but will not necessarily cure a problem. If you are pregnant and wish to try acupuncture, be convinced, that an expert to which wish to address, does not use a point on your breast or a tummy. Unique corresponding points for pregnant women are on hands and feet.

Also be convinced, that the expert has a sufficient experience with many various systems of acupuncture. Though acupuncture has many positive advantages, also can be and dangers, especially for pregnant women. For example, use of wrong system of acupuncture can cause premature birth or an abortion.

There are many reasons of a heartburn at pregnant women. One of them consists that the tummy and intestines volume decreases when the child grows. Therefore, the volume of consumed food should be reduced, with the big attention towards quality, rather than quantities, and is possible, a considerable quantity of the small food intakes distributed within day.

If at you a heartburn after each food intake, make a diary of the food allowance, and write down time between meal and the heartburn beginning. Give this information to the doctor, which can use it to help Stop Indigestion During Pregnancy.

One more simple the reasons of a heartburn during pregnancy, can consist that the big percent from patients simply does not chew food well enough.

In any case, consult with the doctor before to try any means.

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How to Deal With Pregnancy Stress

2010-01-05T11:50:00.000-08:00

How to Deal With Pregnancy Stress

At the women testing financial and other problems during pregnancy, the risk of a birth of children with predisposition How to Deal With Pregnancy Stress to various kinds of an allergy and an asthma is raised, the American scientists consider.

According to scientists, the stress of mother during pregnancy can have negative consequences for the child in the future. Stresses promote changes in immune system of the child even in pregnancy. Level of antibody E changes even at small stresses, scientists have informed.

For this reason much more probability, that the women testing stress during pregnancy, will give birth to babies with predisposition to an allergy. Scientists have carried out research on animals in which result it was found out, that the intense condition of mother influences development of immune system of its posterity. Experts from Harward have assumed, that at people the same tendency develops.

Then researchers have measured level of antibodies E in the blood taken from an umbilical cord at 387 newborns. There were, that babies of those mothers who were exposed to stresses during pregnancy, had high enough indicator of antibodies E even if mothers is minimum contacted to allergens.

This law was traced irrespective of race of mother, the social status, formation and presence of bad habits, such as smoking. Thus - the stress during pregnancy is more dangerous, than smoking!

If depression is quite normal and an everyday how to manage stress during pregnancy occurrence during pregnancy the stress forces to prick up the ears, reflect on its influence on a current of pregnancy and, in general, for a human life.

The stress can be for the person a good condition which induces to any best and more effective How to Deal With Pregnancy Stress decisions. And can be and bad, in case of loss of forces both moral, and physical, it is accompanied by control loss over the condition and behaviour. All it depends on human ability with it to struggle, resist, and also abilities to react to it.

If the stress raises your productivity, and also promotes improvement of labour or any other activity, will mobilise and makes active you it is possible to consider, that threat for your pregnancy does not exist. In such situation the stress acts as a certain stimulator.

But if the stress causes in you feeling of anxiety, nights become sleepless, there is a depression or a condition close to it it definitely can harm to your pregnancy. Such stress also is accompanied by headaches, painful sensations in a back, appetite loss. Harm of such stress consists that it can lead you to a mental exhaustion.
Thanks to changeable and variable mood during pregnancy occurrence of negative reaction to a stressful condition is possible. This negative reaction usually looks in the form of loss of appetite, a wrong food, a sleeplessness that health and state of health if, of course, you do not how to stay stress free during pregnancy prevent it on the second and third trimester of pregnancy can fine affect yours. If the stress all the same has overtaken you, it is necessary for you to learn correctly on it to react, struggle and win it. After all for the child whom you expect, your behaviour is very important and how to handle stress during pregnancy significant.

Some specified recommendations to some extent can help you with overcoming of stressful situations and struggle against stress.

The most best way of disposal of stress is possibility to splash out it outside. The anxiety should not be present constantly in you. Talk to the family. It is necessary for you to find the attentive listener to be uttered. Cheerful and easy time of forwarding will allow to facilitate your nervous intense condition. If shifts are insignificant or to be absent at all, address to the doctor, can be and to the expert.

It is necessary for you to understand (one or together with the husband or other members of a family), that was the reason for the stress, what factors have promoted occurrence of a stressful condition. Solve, what measures need to be undertaken to change a situation and to exclude stress from your ability to live. Try to plan actions and how to reduce stress during pregnancy circumstances which will help to supervise vital chaos and will not admit stress in your life.

The dream is the best medicine in struggle against stress. Pressure and feeling of anxiety can be caused an infrequent dream. Therefore have more a rest, and with employment itself any active, interesting and useful business the dream will be for you an expected pleasant relaxation and rest.

Warm, but not a hot bath or a shower - an excellent way of a relaxation. Acceptance of a bath in the evening (for the night) also promotes a healthy dream.

The active way of life will help to exclude stressful situations. Activity to some extent removes stress: playing sports (in coordination with the doctor), walks, reading, a photo, cookery and other hobbies will help to distract, and can and forget about the unpleasant moments, leave from stress.

Try to search in all a positive. All in your hands! Remember that you are responsible for How to Deal With Pregnancy Stress the future new life!

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How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother

2010-01-05T11:03:00.000-08:00

How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother

If before you eels pregnancy, most likely, will go to your skin on advantage disturbed. However if it differed excessive dryness during How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother you should concern it especially attentively. Probably, you even should leave some cosmetic means which ideally approached before you, and now cannot cope with the changed requirements of a skin.

What by all means should appear on your toilet little table during pregnancy? To prevent a peeling and to provide a healthy complexion to you intensive humidifying creams on the basis of natural vegetative extracts will help. To use them it is necessary not less often, than two times a day.

Some times in a week it is desirable to use humidifying and nutritious masks.

However, buying new cosmetic means, remember, that during pregnancy the skin becomes more irritable and is more subject to an allergy. Therefore give preferences to means of those firms which are well familiar to you. Expectation How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother - not the best time for cosmetic experiments. Therefore any experiences with the "house" cosmetics which is often being the reason of an allergy, too we advise to leave till future times.

Pigmentary stains

One of the frequent troubles accompanying pregnancy, pigmentary stains which appear on a forehead and cheeks are. The same as also other problems of a skin, they are connected with the hormonal reasons, namely with activization of a specific hormone (MHS), influencing pigmentation, that is on melanin formation. As a rule, in 3-4 months after stain childbirth disappear, however it hardly will console you during pregnancy.

So, we will begin that this problem can be avoided if as seldom as possible to appear on the sun. Especially dangerous period in this sense is 4 month. To pregnant women are counter-indicative not only direct solar beams, but even stay on a beach in How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother, demands serious protection of a skin. At a choice of sun-protection means it is better to prefer means with physical filters. After all chemical filters derivative acids cause allergic reactions is more often.

For treatment of pigmentary stains you can take advantage of special bleaching preparations. The easy effect will be given by means on the basis of fruit acids and vegetative extracts (for example, parsley), more it is possible to receive appreciable result, using the proof-reader of pigmentary stains Correcteur Anti-Taches from Lierac. This one of few means which are resolved for use during pregnancy. The majority of bleaching preparations is contained by such harmful substances, as mercury and bismuth that is why are categorically counter-indicative to pregnant women.

Campaign in salon

Visiting of a beauty salon for the woman during this period is not counter-indicative, however it should not be interfaced to any unpleasant or painful sensations. Therefore it is necessary to refuse some procedures, for example a peeling, cleaning, an epilation.

Though, with another, now in many fitness and the medical centres special programs for pregnant women are developed. They include special system of preventive exercises, food correction, elements of care of a skin and hair.

Extensions

But, perhaps, the most serious consequence of pregnancy are How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother. It is defect of a skin which appears during the periods of the raised hormonal activity because of what synthesis - the cages making collagen and elastin is broken. That, in turn, leads to easing of these basic fibres of a skin, and on its surface there are small scars. Especially appreciable they become against a suntanned skin for this reason many wrongly connect their occurrence with sunburn. One more popular myth is the belief, that the risk of occurrence of extensions increases the young organism is more sensitive to any hormonal changes, so and to occurrence of extensions after 30 years. It at all so, as just. So, that in this sense late childbirth is less risky.

As well as any other problem, formation of extensions can be warned. For preventive maintenance it is possible to use massage, a contrast shower, massaging by means of a masseur or a brush. For more thorough decision of a problem, since 3 months of pregnancy it is necessary to use special means in the form of gels, oils and creams. Their action is based on activization of activity and stimulation of synthesis of elastin and collagen. Among the most popular preparations for preventive maintenance of extensions it is possible to name, for example, Action Integrale Vergetures from Vichy, Biovergetures from Biotherm, Elancyl SpecificVergetures from Galenic, Huile “Tonic” from Clarins, Pre Vergetures from Phytomer, gel Phytolastil from Lierac.

If extensions all the same have appeared completely to get rid of them, unfortunately, very difficultly. To struggle with recently appeared how to handle nausea during pregnancy, for example, the help of such means, as Prolagene from Decleor Post Vergetures from Phytomer and ampoules Phytolastil from Lierac easier.

It is necessary to pay attention, that founders of serious preparations from extensions are the solid firms specialising on medical cosmetics more often. Into structure of their means usually enter How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother, therefore the price of one tube or a set of ampoules fluctuates from 20 to 50$. So it is absolutely senseless to search for miracle creams at the firms making mass cosmetics. The maximum that similar means can give is an easy preventive effect.

Cellulitis and other troubles

Special attention, during this period it is necessary to give to care of a body.

As during pregnancy the woman strongly adds in weight, its skin can react to it. To reduce them to a minimum to you cosmetic means of two types be required: first, active humidifying preparations, and secondly, means for giving to a skin of elasticity and restoration of an ideal silhouette.

The second problem which arises during pregnancy, and especially after sorts, flabbiness of a skin and cellulitis occurrence is. That to avoid it experts advise already on 3 month to start to use special means, for example, Tonilastil Dermarome from Decleor, Gel Special Raffermissant from Darphin, Elancyl Fermete Corps from Galenic. These are excellent prophylactics, however it is not necessary to hope, that they will create a miracle, and all appreciable signs of a cellulitis will instantly disappear. In this case it is better to take advantage of gel and ampoules Phytophyline from Lierac. Though even they are not capable to cope with the started forms of a cellulitis.

Problems with hair

Hair during pregnancy, also are under the influence of an estrogen. Usually, growth of hair during pregnancy amplifies a little, them becomes more, however after sorts, they start to drop out. On the lactation termination these processes are normalised. During pregnancy it is not recommended to paint hair or to do a chemical wave. First, danger How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother, and secondly increases, it can simply not turn out.

Nails

It is necessary to give special attention to nails. Practically at all women they during this period become fragile, exfoliate. It is connected with reduction of quantity of calcium in an organism of the pregnant woman. For fragile nails trays from sea salt (she can be bought in a drugstore) are recommended. A table spoon of salt dissolve in a glass of warm water. Nails lower in a tray for 20 minutes. Such procedure spend in day within 2-3 weeks.

During pregnancy occurring changes of a female body and an organism are accompanied as some difficulties, and there are positive moments. At the majority of women improvement of structure of hair which during pregnancy become brighter and shining, the magnificent complexion getting a flush is noted, there is along with such changes, as weight increase, an activity decrease, fast fatigue, painful sensations in the field of a breast and some other. But it is only an integral part of a condition of "pregnancy" and some time (on the expiration of nine months you will be surrounded absolutely with other efforts and cares) will last.

During pregnancy considerable growth of hair and delay of their loss that is caused by strengthening of a metabolism and the greatest activity of blood circulation and a lymph can become very appreciable. Hair look more thickly and more brightly. But at some women occurs How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother: hair become lifeless, dry or fat. In all cases leaving is necessary to hair.

To look after hair and to concern them it is attentively necessary during any period of a life, and during pregnancy including, after all after a birth of the child at you will be much less time for itself. For preservation live and healthy, and also for restoration of weak and lifeless hair to you can become useful following the recommendation:

* use only those shampoos which approach for your hair, specially picked up shampoos will allow to get rid gradually of fat content or dryness of hair (for fat or dry hair accordingly);
* provide to the hair a normal condition, spending processing of hair by special means or conditioners of deep influence, for improvement of hair and hairdress preservation use mousses for hair;
* make to itself a hairstyle which would occupy from you a minimum of time for packing as in coming nearer sorts and during the period at you on it time practically will not be.

Many stylists and experts of hairdresser's art do not recommend vigorous and frequent combing of hair as such actions involve more the vigorous activity of sebaceous glands of hair (amplifies fat development).

As to colouring of hair in pregnancy opinions of experts disperse: some consider, that the structure of paints for hair includes dangerous substances (such paints existed earlier), and others say, that the majority of paints is not represented by dangers to a fruit. Certainly, the decision remains for you, but it is necessary to consider that the received hair colour at colouring during pregnancy can not coincide with expected (the reason of it reaction of hormones to a paint) is. The Same situation arises and at a wave of hair and their straightening (last procedure it is recommended to avoid during pregnancy).

But not only hair, but also a skin requires a permanent care. In process of increase in term of your pregnancy to a skin there are some changes: occurrence round eyes, on a nose and cheeks of "a pregnancy mask», a skin becomes soft and velvety, gets "flush". It is all there can be owing to increase of level of hormones in an organism, increases in blood circulation and characteristic in pregnancy of rise in temperature of a body. Hormonal changes promote a more susceptibility on a skin of solar beams, therefore use of a cream-protection from the sun it is necessary during pregnancy during the hot period.

The daily face care during pregnancy assumes following procedures How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother:

At occurrence of skin pigmentation do not clarify a skin various liquids which structure includes bleaching substances, it can lead to integument damage, try to take advantage of masking means which promote alignment of colour of a skin, not damaging it;
Do a face peel by the means which are corresponding how to handle stress during pregnancy to your type of a skin and not containing soaps;
Tone up a skin and clean pores;
Humidify a dry face skin;
At application of cosmetic masks to pregnancy this employment can be continued and during time, but with specially picked up means as the skin becomes the most sensitive;
Application of the creams containing vitamin A, it is recommended to exclude in pregnancy as according to some experts surplus of vitamin additives and medical products can lead to congenital defects.

At occurrence of doubt in safety of application of any cosmetic means it is necessary to consult with How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother the doctor.

During pregnancy also it is necessary to give considerable attention to hygiene of an oral cavity as hormonal changes can promote swelling and increase in sensitivity of gums to occurrence of a tooth touch and a tooth stone.

To daily care of a teeth carry:

Necessity to clean teeth a minimum two times a day, and after each acceptance of food obligatory is rinsing of a mouth by boiled water;
For cleaning of a teeth use only a soft tooth-brush that will prevent possible damage of gums;
For stimulation of blood circulation after each cleaning of a teeth it is necessary to mass gums small pillows of fingers;
After food intake there is necessary the tooth thread which cautious use will promote removal of the got stuck rests of food;
The use of a chewing elastic band without sugar after food intake will allow to avoid occurrence of a tooth touch.

Visiting of the doctor-stomatologist during pregnancy is necessary at least two times in half a year. At occurrence of the slightest toothache or other anxiety it is necessary to address at once to the doctor. Warn the doctor about the pregnancy as the X-ray and other emergency treatment are counter-indicative during pregnancy. Bleaching of a teeth also is not recommended at this time: the majority of bleaching systems is contained by peroxide of hydrogen or ultra-violet light which are better for avoiding.

At occurring changes of an organism in pregnancy it is necessary to give special attention to care of a body skin. With increase in activity of blood circulation there is a sensation of the raised warmth, possibly fastest bodies. With a view of avoidance How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother both daily and repeatedly take a shower or baths. Choose clothes and linen from natural fabrics (synthetics badly passes air and can cause irritation of a skin). With increase in term of pregnancy the skin of a tummy and a breast is subject to a stretching that involves feeling of dryness and an itch. Use of a humidifying cream or oil at cautious massaging of a tummy and in the field of a breast will help to get rid of unpleasant aforementioned sensations. Skin stretchings can be prevented somewhat by a rational healthy food and tracking body weight addition (the considerable gain of weight will lead to the big stretching of a skin). Also prevention of extensions in the field of a breast and a tummy will be promoted by carrying of special linen for pregnant women (a supporting bra of the corresponding size and shorts supporting a tummy) and bandage use. Performance of these recommendations, probably, will promote preservation of softness and elasticity of a skin, and also decrease in probability of occurrence of skin extensions.

Nails, hands and feet also require leaving, especially during pregnancy when there is a stratifying of nails and occurrence of dryness of a skin. Use strengthening means for nails, a skin humidify with creams or oils. Avoid damage of a skin and infection hit. With increase in weight during pregnancy there is an additional loading on feet which attracts swelling and puffiness of feet. Help with avoidance of these troubles evening trays for feet, use of a cream and massage, and also the moderate use of a liquid and necessary rest can.

For removal of hair in the field of bikini, feet carrying out of depilation and decolouration of hair by special means is not recommended, to an epilation, in connection with the maintenance of harmful chemical substances. Application of paraffin for removal of hair will not render harmful influence on the future child. Alternative way of removal during pregnancy undesirable How to Handle Pregnancy as a Single Mother is shaving and plucking out that is the most safe for the future kid.

At carrying out of some semisurgical procedures (a chemical peeling, collagen injections.) use of the chemical substances which action on the future child is not known is obvious, therefore during pregnancy and in feeding by a breast such procedures to spend it is not recommended.

Give itself as much as possible attention and look after the body, after all after a birth of your long-awaited child you on it absolutely will have not enough time. Pleasant appearance and good state of health will promote to some extent to normal course of pregnancy.

How to Feel Sexy During Pregnancy

2010-01-05T10:10:00.000-08:00

How to Feel Sexy During Pregnancy

During pregnancy the relation to sex changes a little. Some future parents, being afraid to harm the kid, try to avoid sex, or continue to be engaged in it, but do it extremely seldom. Such conclusions are how much true? Whether it is possible to make love in such responsible time, as pregnancy.

The answer is simple - it is not possible, and even it is necessary.

Employment by love during pregnancy bring a lot of advantage.
Why during pregnancy it is necessary to continue employment by sex:

The good mood is necessary for future mother, and employment by love brings many positive emotions.

In turn at employment by sex hormones of pleasure which so are useful to development of the child are developed. And if the woman long abstains there is an accumulation of negative emotions. Besides it substances which are in sperm are useful to the pregnant woman.

On late terms presence in sperm renders an important role for opening of a neck of a uterus. Employment by sex during pregnancy do not require protection. The truth it concerns partners which had long monogamous relations. The pregnant woman is sexual and attractive for the man,

During employment by love there is a training of muscles of a uterus, and it by all means is useful during sorts, and can play an important role in preventive maintenance of weakness of patrimonial activity.

Many are afraid to injure the child, making love. The nature has taken care of that to the child it was comfortable. Besides the kid the layer, a muscular and fatty fabric, the fruit and water cover protects, smoothing all fluctuations. Therefore such fears.

By the way, contrary to a popular belief, also does not render negative influence on the kid.

Also it is not necessary to forget, that influence on a sexual inclination of the woman plays the level of sexual hormones changing during pregnancy, both in big, and in the smaller party.
As the condition of the pregnant woman depending on pregnancy term changes:

In the pregnancy beginning (the first trimester) the general state of health of the woman worsens a little. Many complain of a nausea, vomiting dizziness and other displays of an early toxicosis. Besides it, the woman becomes emotionally labilna - sharp differences of mood for pleasure to grief. Proceeding from the aforesaid, it is possible to understand, as the sexual desire of the woman weakens at this time a little.

The second trimester brings many the pleasant moments. As a rule there passes an early toxicosis, the state of health of the woman improves, as well as its emotional condition is normalised. The hormonal background promotes occurrence of a sexual inclination. Sometimes the second trimester of pregnancy name «the second honeymoon»

The tummy which slightly is seen - does not deliver unpleasant sensations, or any other problems at employment by love. The man, as a rule, too gets used to thought, that it becomes fast the father, and at it the sexual desire increases.

In the third trimester the tummy that can bring some inconveniences considerably increases.

To some women there can be unpleasant sensations during time employment by sex. But, nevertheless even this time is not to contra-indications to employment by love.

Some positions become not so convenient - in that case it is necessary to pick up an individual position - for example laying on one side. Also it is necessary to consider that fact, that it is not desirable for woman to lay on a back, therefore it is more preferable, that the woman was from above. It is necessary to remember, that during this period it is desirable to show small care, gentle caresses are shown.
To whom employment by traditional sex are counter-indicative:

Conditions at which are counter-indicative employment by sex fortunately, it is a little.

Bleedings from female sexual ways.
Threat of interruption of pregnancy, especially it concerns repeated in which anamnesis earlier met the habitual.
Pregnancy twins and more
Low arrangement or placenta prelying
Various pathological conditions of pregnant women at which the confinement to bed is shown.
The infections transferred sexual by - for example a herpes in an aggravation
Infringement of integrity of covers of waters.

It is not recommended to have also the intercourse those days when there would be a menstruation if there has not come pregnancy.
If employment by traditional sex are counter-indicative to you:

What to do, if in your case there are contra-indications for employment by traditional sex? First of all it is not necessary to be afflicted.

There are many techniques, capable to replace traditional sexual relations. Such, for example as:

Vestibular sexual intercourse - when the woman densely reduces hips, and the man's penis is only on the threshold of a vagina.

Femoral sexual intercourse - occurs exclusively between the shown hips of the woman

Sexual intercourse - between mammary glands of the woman. It is necessary to remind, that during pregnancy mammary glands increase, that supplements sensations.

It is not necessary to forget and about petting, as about possibility to cause pleasure.

Well and certainly oral sex cannot damage during pregnancy in any way.

However, if you have any doubts or there are guarding symptoms - it is necessary to address to the doctor.

Certainly, remarkably, when the parabola of sexuality of the pregnant woman coincides with a parabola of sexuality of the partner but if all the same there is a discrepancy of desires between partners, it can lead to quarrels each other. Be to each other, and love each other, as very soon on light there will be a miracle - your child.

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How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy

2010-01-03T14:10:00.001-08:00

How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy

Pregnancy and birth of the child is very responsible stage in a life of the woman. Accoucheurs-gynecologists try to impart to women thought, that pregnancy should be planned in advance to prepare an organism for this uneasy period: to treat chronic diseases, caries, to reveal and treat the latent infections transferred sexual by. At last, that is important, to be prepared psychologically for a birth How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy of the child. Whether it is possible to make all it, if to you only 16 years?

Changes in an organism of the woman during pregnancy

In an organism of the woman during pregnancy there are numerous difficult changes which create conditions for pre-natal development of a fruit, prepare an organism for sorts and chest feeding of the newborn.

With the pregnancy beginning in an active mode all glands of internal secretion which provide development of a fruit and change in an organism of mother work. The metabolism and oxygen consumption that creates additional loading on internal bodies increase. The organism accumulates nitrogen (for fiber synthesis), fats (go on formation of fabrics of a fruit), iron for cardiac muscle work, magnesium, cobalt, copper and other microcells. Accumulation of microcells promotes a water delay - one more element of additional loading on internal bodies.

The big loading is maintained during pregnancy by cardiovascular system that is connected with increase in volume of circulating blood and increase in volume of a uterus which has the powerful blood circulation. Great volume of blood forces to work in the raised mode of a kidney and a liver.

But genitals of the woman are exposed to the greatest changes. The uterus increases at the expense of growth of muscular How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy fibres (in them the substances providing power of reduction of muscles in sorts) collect, in its mucous membrane glands expand, blood both lymphatic vessels and elements of pregnancy stages
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All these processes difficult enough pass even in an organism of the adult healthy woman. What to speak about the girl, at which else fabric and bodies are not completely generated?

At what age pregnancy is considered early

There are age frameworks when childbirth can be dangerous to not strong organism. Certainly, it dares individually, after all each girl develops in own way. Nevertheless, as early pregnancy understand pregnancy in 15-17 years. This age is transitive of the childhood during an adult life.

Than early pregnancy comes to an end

The statistics says that not planned teenage pregnancy comes to an end with abortions more often. So, on 100 pregnancy at girls-teenagers 70 abortions, 15 sorts and 15 spontaneous abortions are necessary. And interruption of pregnancy at teenagers in 25 % of cases occurs on terms 22 - 27 weeks (abortions are resolved till 12 weeks of pregnancy), that exclusively negatively affects on health of the girl.

As is known, abortions (especially the first) cause barreness which is caused by occurrence of chronic gynecologic diseases. Therefore accoucheurs-gynecologists try to propagandise methods of prevention of not planned pregnancy whenever possible.

Unfortunately, even today, when restrictions are removed from all kinds of propagation, teenagers a little that know about contraception means, as affects on their health.

In what early pregnancy can result

Early pregnancy when girls still physiologically are not ready to motherhood, leads to heavy complications How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy at sorts and is the reason of annual destruction not less than one million newborns all over the world, especially in developing countries. For this reason pregnancy and childbirth in the countries of the third world are the leading reason of death rate of young women.

Among industrially developed countries most of all mothers-teenagers is in the USA, in Russia and in New Zealand, least - in South Korea, Japan and the Netherlands.

Pregnancy at teenagers creates especially high risk for health, than they are younger (it is especially considerable for 13-16-летних). Such pregnancy influences frequency signs, as at early age it in 2,5 times above, than at women of genital age. At them placentary insufficiency, threat of interruption of pregnancy, a toxicosis and an anaemia is more often develops. At sorts at teenagers the raised level of parent death rate is marked.

Early pregnancy can have and such consequences for mother, as infringement of a structure of bones because of a calcium lack as in this case the organism of young mother competes to the child for the right of use of calcium for growth of bones.

Children born by teenagers, have small weight at a birth and almost in infancy, than children 20-30-летних women is twice more often die. At teenagers on 11 % above risk of a birth of the child with congenital anomalies.

Early pregnancy is more often tragedy, therefore it is necessary to make all that it to prevent.

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The public opinion does not remain invariable: the modern society qualifies that throughout centuries was considered as norm - early marriages and early motherhood as anomaly; we will recollect, how mother speaks to Juliette: « Smaller years, than you, / Become in Verona mothers, / And I you and have given birth earlier … »to the Public stereotype, probably, it is possible to express so: the adult, mature woman, let even unmarried,« given birth for itself », has weighed the forces and possibilities and has taken up responsibility for education of the child; thirteen-shestnadtsatiletnjaja little girl"has flown"owing to the perversity, perversity and the child now strives to mount upon a neck to parents … Even if it and marries, divide with mother of care of the child a little that can to change readiness of the young father: unless the teenager is capable to contain a family! These some years of rupture between achievement of various degrees of a maturity - physical on the one hand and social and intellectual - with another, have for teenage sexuality (and as its private display - early pregnancy) hardly probable How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy not more value, than notorious "degradation of morals", and a debt of a modern society - first of all to comprehend this phenomenon as the serious social problem demanding all-round studying and complex decisions. About the reasons of occurrence of teenage pregnancy, how to behave in this situation to children and parents, the doctor-psychotherapist, the psychoanalyst, the author of numerous publications on psychology, the author and the leader of a site argues.

In the social plan early pregnancy it is accepted to name the fact of expectation of the child the minor girl. (Therefore this phenomenon name pregnancy teenage is more often.) but a situation sharpness at all that future mum has not reached official majority! A trouble in other: such pregnancy is in most cases caused by those or other problems of the girl or that environment in which she lives, and, means, is not directed at all fortunately the future child.
WHY AND WHY?

It is considered to be, that tragedy of teenage pregnancy that all world (and first of all parents and a society) turns away from the young pregnant woman. But actually this "world" turns away from the girl much earlier, and if want, pregnancy often happens a consequence of it, instead of the reason!

Here the basic list of occasions to such situation (I result them not in a statistical order, and simply listing various variants)

1. RAPE. It is necessary to notice, that the most part of such rapes is made not by maniacs, and friends and acquaintances (sometimes mum's). But even if the girl-teenager became a victim of an attack of the stranger - that besides why it has appeared, for example, one in the street at late o'clock? It have turned out or she has run away from the «a house cosiness»? Or to parents the destiny of the daughter is initially indifferent, and they have not trained in its bases of safe behaviour? Besides after rape necessary preventive measures - in many respects have not been taken because the girl anyhow could not tell to parents that has occurred to it …

2. "RISKY" BEHAVIOUR. Girls who «contact the bad company» often become pregnant. But the teenager How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy gets to such companies besides because, that, becoming in a family and a society lonely and rejected, starts to search, first, "understanding" where only it is possible, and secondly, unconsciously to choose the most risky (or as it is still spoken, directed) behaviour type. And the girl who is spending time in such companies, like already and not before preservation of the health and the life. Therefore she especially does not care of consequences of similar dialogue.

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3. PREGNANCY OUT OF IGNORANCE. Quite often even in our educated century of the girl actually do not know, that create. Often count on "more skilled" partner, especially if to it 14, and to it already 16 … And being it is given in this question to itself, the girl will appear incapable to pick up contraception effective remedies, will not connect with the last affinity failures in monthly, and the waist increase will consider as a necessity sign to go on an a diet … Therefore "missed" teenage pregnancy is a result of absence of the qualitative, thought over sexual education, and including possibility of dialogues on this theme How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy in a family.

4. PREGNANCY "PLANNED". As a rule, the girl aspires to solve in such a way own psychological problems. In particular, to confirm own value («Anybody does not love me, well so I to itself of the baby a physiognomy, he will love me») or to make the protest against impetuous superguardianship of parents which, besides, psychologically do not hear it («Mum, well how still to prove to you, what I already adult and will suffice me to bring up?»). It is clear, that dialogue with use of similar methods, besides the fact of pregnancy of such girl - the proof not, and is faster than infantilism (it has not matured yet so to think of consequences of the actions and responsibility for them …).

The unknown Dutch master in 1500 did not consider neither reprehensible, nor strange to write the Madonna with very young model. So early (to our measures) the motherhood was perceived by a society as norm.
IF IT HAPPENS

The situation of early pregnancy can be quite named by extreme (especially if the girl is compelled to make the decision alone). And here, as in case of any danger, it is possible to give accurate recommendations as as it is necessary to do.

1. At suspicion for pregnancy to hope, that all will resolve, as is known, senselessly. It is better to address to the doctor. If the doctor is literally from a threshold unconditionally orders «to come with mum» - it is necessary to search for other doctor. Certainly, will not spend serious medical interventions without the consent of parents, but the good doctor at least will find out a situation and will help the young patient to be prepared for forthcoming conversation with mum, if without it it is impossible.

2. By the way, if the girl faces such situation, that experts basically trifle with it, moralize, shame, humiliate, she can quite address in one of the crisis centres where work on this problem. It is not necessary to wait, that there will solve for it how to be (yes it and it is not necessary), but here to promote in reception of the information for acceptance of own decision there How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy can and should.

3. If pregnancy is confirmed, its destiny should be solved in a complex. It is very useful to find out opinions not only the gynecologist, but also the therapist, the doctor of mediko-genetic consultation, the lawyer, and the doctor-psychotherapist (or the psychologist). And it is important to find the advisers, capable to take out the judgement based on the objective facts, instead of on own belief. But even the most objective advisers all the same for certain will not agree in opinion! Everyone will result the arguments. And the problem of the girl - all to listen, and then to weigh all pro's and con's and properly to think most.

Alas, many young mums by the moment of the pregnancy for the present just have not learnt to think and do logic conclusions … As a matter of fact, early pregnancy - in many respects the proof and this fact. But intellectually to mature it is possible to begin and now - as they say, never late.

4. At the account of all opinions it is necessary to try to exclude those who, not being the professional in the given area, can frankly "press and force to make not the most adequate decision from« the list of experts ». It can be girlfriends, relatives. And, as it neither is blasphemous and nor is sad, the most biassed in this plan the person mum can.

SMALL MUMS AND YOUNG GRANDMOTHERS

Rare mum will concern first minutes with pleasure to that its young daughter is pregnant. In most cases aggression and charge will be the first reaction. But allow, who here should be accused?

Perhaps, also it makes sense to search guilty in this or that problem - but here it at all does not promote the decision of the problem. But if it is necessary for mum to find guilty (we will tell to splash out on it the aggression) - well, let mum will look in a mirror. As a rule, from mum's inability to carry on dialogue with the daughter, from mum's psychological illiteracy, because that she tries to solve the problems at the expense of the daughter and there is the psychological trouble of the girl which anyhow have provoked the fact of early pregnancy. And the event - the basic proof of that at mum with the daughter is not present mutual understanding, trust How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy, common language. They frankly another's people and, probably, even in something hostile each other.

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Moreover, aggression of mum quite often has also such unconscious implied senses: «have spoilt my property», «I am yet ready to have grandsons», «as you have dared something to change in the life without my consent»!

Therefore if daughters in the given situation are recommended to begin with visit to the gynecologist to their mums is shown to visit the psychotherapist by all means in the beginning. After all, unfortunately, quite often mum's arguments which have been got up in most that on are decent clothes, are based on its unconscious problems and complexes. We will tell, if mum, despite of all objective data, not reflecting repeats «abortion and only abortion» (even when terms any more do not allow) is can be caused, for example, the same latent unwillingness to become the grandmother (after all if the girl of 15 years to her mother only 35-40 has become pregnant). Or otherwise: «let my daughter never becomes mother, let it always will be small, and I to its smog to bring up all life» (it in that case when all self-affirmation of this mum - in its parent role, and it is necessary to a daughter to become adult - mum loses meaning of the life). And even so: «let doctors will hurt the daughter, will know how not to obey mum».

But happens and so, that mum persistently repeats we "will give birth" - neither on a possible pathology, nor on psychological immaturity of the girl, even on that, for example, that pregnancy became result of violence … Here too mum's persistence in many respects illogically, and the following can mean, for example: «let my daughter will give birth, will connect to itself hands and remains dependent on me for ever». Or: «at me the occasion will reproach the daughter with the child as the proof of the nonsense made it that did not dare to do any more anything without my permission». And that in general mum suggests to issue from kind promptings the future child as the - but by means of such «not sexual incest» at heart wishes to make the daughter sister of own child (and to put both on one age lath), in addition also to prove: «you my property, at you cannot be anything the at all, and your children too mine».

It, of course, sufficiently shocks all, but for this purpose and it is recommended to mum to visit the psychotherapist to get rid of similar motivations - not realised and in any way not promoting the reasonable decision. And having released from similar "cargo", mum can (if will want) to become the close friend of the daughter. In general, as is known, the extreme situation quite often pulls together its direct participants; certainly How to Identify the Early Signs of Pregnancy not such the price to leave on rapprochement of mother and the daughter, but, as is known, - it is better late, than never!